Rural Extension (2001)

Page Contents

A      B      C      D      E      F      G      H      I      J      K      L      M      N      O      P      R      S      T      U      V      W      Y      Z

A

Acuna, S. T., Juristo, N., & Recio, B. (July 1997). Knowledge-based system for generating administrative grant alternatives applying the IDEAL methodology. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 18(1), 1-28(28). In this paper, we analyze how regulations are arranged and implemented in a knowledge-based system (KBS) to provide for ease of use, modification and addition of new regulations. The IDEAL methodology was used to achieve this objective. Different common agricultural policy (CAP) grants to which farmers in Spain are entitled were considered to validate the model. The system is a query system and the end users are specialists from the Agricultural Extension Services (AES). The system has been implemented using the tool Kappa-PC, V. 2.3. The prototype was developed jointly with the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid's Departments of Artificial Intelligence, Rural Projects and Planning and Mathematics Applied to Agronomy and the Castile and Leon Government's Provincial Agriculture Office in Segovia.

Alwang, J., Siegel, P. B., & Jorgensen, S. L. (November 1996). Seeking Guidelines for Poverty Reduction in Rural Zambia. World Development, 24(11), 1711-1723(1713). Poverty profiles typically provide policy makers with information about the characteristics of the poor without giving guidance as to the types of programs best suited for reducing poverty. A method is described in this paper for extending the typical poverty profile to analyze and quantify the constraints faced by poor smallholders in rural areas. The method is applied to rural Zambia, where poverty is widespread and deep. The extension provides timely information for the design of poverty-reducing policies.

Anderson, R. L., United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Natural Resource Economics Division., & Colorado State University. Cooperative Extension Service. (1978). Urbanization of rural lands in the northern Colorado Front Range, 1978: [study. [Fort Collins]: Cooperative Extension Service Colorado State University. A 93.2/2:Ur 1 Ht123.5.c6

Anderson, W. A. (1946). Rural social trends in New York, their implications for extension activities. [Ithaca,: New York State College of Agriculture Cornell University. 323.254

Apantaku, S. (1999). Indigenous Technical Knowledge and Use of Forest Plant Products for Sustainable Control of Crop Pests in Ogun State, Nigeria. Journal of sustainable agriculture, 14(2/3), 5.

Appleton, S., & Collier, P. (Nov 1995). On Gender Targeting of Public Transfers., 29pp. In: van de Walle, Dominique, Ed., and Nead, Kimberly, Ed. "Public Spending and the Poor: Theory and Evidence." Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. Chapter 19 (p555-581). This chapter discusses the benefits and feasibility of targeting public resources and services to females. An overview of gender differences in welfare in various countries examines household expenditures, food consumption, mortality, health care, morbidity, education, and leisure, and finds few generalizations across countries. However, there is evidence of significant female disadvantage in South Asia in terms of food consumption and related health indicators, and the level of female education is significantly lower than that of men in many developing countries. Although directly increasing female income may partially offset female disadvantage, generalized gender-based transfers present problems: (1) they are very indiscriminate; (2) women may not retain control over income received; and (3) other remedies may better address the causes of female disadvantage. A more specific policy response may involve gender targeting of particular government services. Gender targeting of education has been adopted by some developing countries and is receiving favorable attention from external funding agencies. Education raises women's personal income; cannot be directly appropriated by other household members; benefits children, particularly in the area of child health; and tends to reduce fertility. Other government services that may be targeted by gender include family planning services, health and nutrition interventions, and agricultural extension services. Other types of targeted intervention may also be highly cost-effective, including reforming the content of education and strengthening female property rights. Contains 102 references. (SV) ED392581

B

Baezconde-Garbanati, L., Portillo, C. J., & Garbanati, J. A. (August 1999). Disparities in Health Indicators for Latinas in California. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 21(3), 302-329(328). This study analyzes disparities in selected health indicators for Latinas when compared to non-Latina Whites, and other population groups in the United States, and as available in Mexico. A review and secondary analyses of government and other data were conducted as an extension of previous research. Data revealed that the population of Latinas, although youthful on average, are composed of an increasingly large group of poor women who in their middle years (45-64), and in rural communities, display high cardiac risk, high rates of diabetes, and cervical cancer. This picture calls for special attention, in particular to Latinas without health insurance. Further research, policies that protect women's health, and culturally competent prevention services are needed to address these health disparities and the complexities of Latina health in California.

Bantjes, R. (September 1997). Benthamism in the Countryside: The Architecture of Rural Space, 1900-1930. The Journal of Historical Sociology, 10(3), 249-269(221). Historians of state formation have increasingly recognized what Foucault has described as the `dark side' of the enlightenment institutional principles of representation, transparency and accountability and explored the parallel principles of legitimation, surveillance and discipline. In this paper, I pursue these themes in a neglected area, the institutional architecture of rural space. I do so by examining ideologies for rural planning in western Canada and the American midwest in the early twentieth century. These ideologies were linked to state projects, and found institutional expression in Canada in the `town planning movement' attached to municipal and provincial planning offices, and in the United States in agricultural extension services and the `county agent' system-the local `inspectorate' of the Federal Department of Agriculture. The aim was a restructuring of rural space in the interests of rationalizing agricultural production and controlling large populations of settlers, recently displaced, and disturbingly `isolated' and inaccessible in the vast spaces of the great plains. Despite common aims, American and Canadian reformers adopted fundamentally different principles of spatial design. Town planners inherited the European assumption that community networks and class relations were embedded in particular spatial arrangements, so that rural reform required re-drawing the boundaries of fields and settlements. As early as 1915, American reformers developed the idea that networks of sociability and domination were defined first by abstract structures, formal organizations and the cash nexus, and could, using modern media of communication, be `disembedded' from particular locales and distributed spatially.

Barten, P. K., Damery, D., Catanzaro, P., Fish, J., Campbell, S., Fabos, A., & Fish, L. (March 2001). Massachusetts Family Forests: Birth of a Landowner Cooperative. Journal of Forestry, 99(3), 23-30(28). The story is as old as our profession: private lands, low-value species, a stagnant rural economy, development pressure, and loss of forests. A group of foresters and landowners is trying to reverse this cycle by forming a cooperative enterprise. This article summarizes our approach and experiences during the start-up phase. The overarching objective of Massachusetts Family Forests is to sustain or enhance the forest resources, rural character, and economy of our region.

Basu, S. (February 1997). Why Institutional Credit Agencies are Reluctant to Lend to the Rural Poor: A Theoretical Analysis of the Indian Rural Credit Market. World Development, 25(2), 267-280(214). This paper examines why institutional credit facilities remain unable to extend credit to the rural poor. Analysis indicates that poor peasants at best can offer an entitlement set as a mortgage, comprised only of future shares of their harvest, which itself is subject to risk. Consequently, lenders can not advance loans without risking extensive loss of loanable funds. As the landlords' income is subject to the same risk as that of peasants, they advance loans to ensure that their own income is not affected by the peasants' financial situation. An extension of institutional credit to peasants results only in subsidization of landlords.

Beck, K. G., & Colorado State University. Cooperative Extension Service. (1996). Weed management for small rural acreage. [Fort Collins, Colo.]: Colorado State University Cooperative Extension. Ucsu20/6.22/3.106/1996

Behr, C., Lamb, G., Miller, A., Sadowske, S., & Shaffer, R. (1995). Building Community Based Initiatives in Rural Coastal Communities. Staff Paper 95.2., 26pp. Funded by the National Coastal Resources Institute. In rural coastal communities, trade-offs between conserving and developing environmentally sensitive resources are acute. At the community level, part- time volunteers and citizen officials are asked to make complex decisions based on ambiguous and frequently contradictory "scientific" evidence of economic and environmental relationships. The conditions surrounding these decisions often are characterized by limited access to information and conflict about the choices available and their consequences. This paper summarizes one community's efforts to integrate technical and social- economic information in a series of educational events leading to informed community consensus about the use of the community's waterfront. In Oconto, Wisconsin, on Lake Michigan's Green Bay, the waterfront is a fragile wetland resource that could be used in several different and potentially conflicting ways. A University of Wisconsin extension team that has provided development assistance to the area for the past decade undertook to facilitate the community's discussions of competing options. The team moved away from the conventional model of community intervention to one featuring emergent and flexible design, cyclic process, synergy between external and indigenous knowledge, holistic approach, and inclusion of diverse interests. The project demonstrated that judicious use of community surveys; a "locally acceptable" facilitator; a local advisory committee; and the cyclic process of asking, listening, analyzing, and reporting can identify local preferences and generate community energy for specific options. Contains 23 references. (SV) ED424049

Bernet, T., Ortiz, O., Estrada, R. D., Quiroz, R., & Swinton, S. M. (September 2001). Tailoring agricultural extension to different production contexts: a user-friendly farm-household model to improve decision-making for participatory research. Agricultural Systems, 69(3), 183-198(116). Farmers operate within specific natural and socio-economic settings. When those settings are very diverse, as in mountainous areas, agricultural extension services have often failed to tailor interventions to the specific needs of client farmers. In such settings, extensionists need cost-efficient tools or a close link to researchers to evaluate potential strategies and activities to raise farmers' income. This need has become more critical as governments in developing countries downsize expenditure on extension services and donors demand impact from their investments. This paper outlines a flexible computer-based farm-household model designed to assist researchers, extension workers, and policy makers. The model allows the user to define specific production options and resource constraints under different socio-economic and biophysical settings. Model application in different regions has proven its flexibility to capture and analyze a variety of production systems. When used with site-related input data and effective dialogue on the results among researchers, extensionists, and farmers, the model can be a useful tool for participatory research and extension.

Brown, S., & Shrestha, B. (July 2000). Market-driven land-use dynamics in the middle mountains of Nepal. Journal of Environmental Management, 59(3), 217-225(219). Market oriented production is a key factor driving land-use intensification in the Middle Mountains of Nepal. The results of a GIS-based case-study indicates historic, large-scale deforestation followed by afforestation. The area under cultivation has increased, but the expansion of irrigation has been limited by water availability. Rainfed agriculture has expanded onto steep upland slopes while irrigated cultivation expanded on slopes 10. The farming systems have become more intensive; double and triple crop rotations are applied where water is available, and increased vegetable production and the marketing of milk are indicators of intensification. Seventy percent of the surveyed households now grow cash crops, and 45 sell buffalo milk. Market oriented agriculture is more demanding of soil and water resources, and concerns about resource degradation are emerging. Sixty percent of surveyed farmers reported a lack of irrigation as their main production constraint. Agro-chemical use has increased, soil acidification related to the use of ammonium based fertilizers is a concern, and stream eutrophication is common during the dry season. Commercial milk production has increased demand for animal fodder, placing additional pressure on forest and rangelands, with 55 of female farmers reporting fodder shortages during the dry season. Potential management options to minimize the impact of intensification include improved agricultural extension, N-fixing plants, improved composting, liming, and water use efficiency. Market-driven agricultural production provides a source of income to the rural poor, but the sustainability of these intensive systems is dependent on addressing soil and water degradation. Copyright 2000 Academic Press

C

Caldwell, A. E., & Richardson, J. G. (Feb 1995). Media Preferences of Selected North Carolina Farmers., 12pp. Paper presented to the Agricultural Communications Section of the Southern Association of Agricultural Scientists (New Orleans, LA, February 1995). Nearly all burley tobacco farmers in the mountains of North Carolina are small or part-time farmers who have limited time for seeking information. Although they desire accurate, user-friendly, timely, and relevant information, their willingness or opportunity to spend time in face-to-face contacts or grower meetings is becoming severely limited. These farmers seek and use information at nontraditional times and locations. A research project sought to determine the feasibility of using selected distance education delivery methods to meet the informational needs of burley growers for controlling three insect pests of burley tobacco. These delivery methods were as follows: a fact sheet, a fact sheet plus an audiocassette, and the extension bulletin, "Scouting Tobacco." Twenty growers of burley were randomly selected from a list of 97 growers with 10 or fewer years of experience obtained from a county office and interviewed personally. The study showed that 17 of the 20 farmers involved in the research preferred the fact sheet and audiocassette combination for gaining the needed insect information. Age, education level, or size of farming operation generally had no influence on the farmer's preferences. Knowledge gained by the farmers increased substantially via this preferred combination of delivery methods. (Contains 13 references.) (KC) ED377398

Castaneda, X., Garcia, C., & Langer, A. (January 1996). Ethnography of fertility and menstruation in rural Mexico. Social Science and Medicine, 42(1), 133-140(138).

Challman, S. A. (1917). The rural school plant for rural teachers and school boards, normal schools, teachers training classes, rural extension bureaus. Milwaukee, Wis.,: The Bruce publishing company. Lb3209.c4 379.7 379.7 c35

Chhabra, S., Gandhi, D., & Jaiswal, M. (1 March 2000). Obstructed labour - a preventable entity. Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 20(2), 151-153(153). We present a clinical study of 204 cases of obstructed labour admitted over a period of 5 years between 1991-92 and 1996-97 in a rural institute in central India. They constituted 1.9% of births. Seventy-one per cent of the cases were from the rural area (similar to the overall patient population in this hospital), 31.4% women were primigravidae. Of the subjects, 64.7% were between 20 and 29 years. Malpresentation was the cause in 53.2%, followed by cephalopelvic disproportion, in 41.1%. Intraoperative incomplete rupture was detected in 5.9% cases. The commonest maternal morbidity was intraoperative extension of uterine incision at the time of caesarean section, mostly lateral (14.0%). Of the women, 12.5% had intrapartum or postpartum sepsis. The perinatal mortality was 160/1000. There was no maternal mortality. Timely diagnosis of malpresentation, pelvic contraction and use of a partogram at all levels could have prevented obstructed labour. In these unfortunate situations, judicious selection of subjects for caesarean section is appropriate, avoiding heroic vaginal procedures even with a dead baby. Infection devitalises tissues and attempts at vaginal delivery may be dangerous.

Childs, D., Doeksen, G. A., Frye, J., United States. Extension Service., Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station., & United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. (1977). Economics of rural fire protection in the Great Plains. Washington: Dept. of Agriculture Economic Research Service. A 1.75:407

Chirwa, R., & Aggarwal, V. (2000). Bean Seed Dissemination Systems in Malawi: A Stragegy. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 15(4), 5.

Christiansen, I., & Hunt1, R. (2000). Research, Extension and Industry - Working Together Can Achieve Results. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 41(7), 310-318(319). Over recent decades, research has been directed to assessing the impacts of land uses on valuable natural assets, such as the Great Barrier Reef. Land managers in adjacent areas are expected to adopt practices to minimize any adverse affects on downstream environments. Conversely, researchers are being pressed to provide answers to the problems. In response, researchers and environmental managers are bombarding land managers with information regarding the potential environmental implications of their practices. Is this an effective mode to achieve on-ground change?Collaboration between all groups - research, industry and extension - may be more effective in developing and implementing practical solutions to these more complex issues. A change from the research and extension models currently used may be needed to achieve positive resource management outcomes.Research, development and extension initiatives underway in the Australian sugar industry to improve farm practice and reduce the potential for adverse impacts on downstream environments are discussed. Case studies provide some insights into how science and extension skills work best together and how an industry group can respond to a community concern.

Chugh, R. L. (1997). Promoting Rural Development Through Linkages with Higher Education: A Case Study of the Northern New York Economy., 27pp. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Western Social Science Association (Albuquerque, NM, April 23-26, 1997). This paper examines the role that colleges and universities play in the economy of rural northern New York. It is based on a 1992-93 survey of 20 of the 21 colleges and universities in the region. Parts of the survey were updated in 1997. The study found that the institutions played a vital role in assisting businesses and community organizations engaged in promoting economic development. Services provided included small business assistance, workforce and entrepreneurial development, international trade and investment assistance, total quality management, technology transfer and product development, Internet and computer services, economic research, environmental and forestry management, continuing education and training programs, assistance to community organizations, and providing conference and workshop facilities. It was also found that the nature and magnitude of the technical assistance provided by an institution depended on its degree of commitment to public service, its location and size, the diversity of its academic and other programs, and the expertise and interests of its faculty and staff. An appendix provides a list of areas of institutional strength in public service. (MDM) ED418620

Clement, D. M., & Others, A. (Jan 1995). Level of Use of Extension by Two Diverse Audiences and Their Preferred Means for Receiving Extension Information., 13pp. Paper presented to the Agricultural Communications Section of the Meeting of the Southern Association of Agricultural Scientists (New Orleans, LA, January 1995). Two diverse extension audiences in Polk County, North Carolina were surveyed to determine their levels of use of extension information and their preferred means for receiving information. Information was gathered through mailed surveys returned by 48 beef producers and 40 county government workers (about a 67 percent return for each group). Nearly all of the beef producers indicated some to very much use of extension information. County government personnel, however, depend significantly less on extension for information than the beef producers. In their preferences for receiving extension information, beef producers' top five delivery methods were as follows: newsletters, bulletins and pamphlets, personal visits, field days, and method demonstrations. The following were the top five delivery methods for county government personnel: newsletters, newspapers, bulletins and pamphlets, workshops, and leaflets and flyers. Even though newsletters were most popular among both audiences among 35 delivery methods identified, the 2 audiences indicated significant differences in preferences for 8 of the methods. An analysis of the findings showed that county government personnel have different dependence levels on extension as well as different preferences for delivery systems than beef producers. Thus program delivery methods and information must be highly focused for each audience in order to meet their needs and preferences. (KC) ED377397

Colorado Agricultural College. Extension Service., Colorado Agricultural and Mechanical College. Agricultural Extension Service., Colorado State College (Fort Collins Colo.). Extension Service., & Colorado A & M College. Extension Service. (1957). Bulletin ( Vol. Ceased with 444-A). Fort Collins, Colo.: Colorado A & M College Agricultural Extension Service [and] Agricultural Experiment Station cooperating. UCSU20/6.3/no S41 630.76 Ucsu20/6.3/

Colorado State University. Cooperative Extension Service., & Colorado Rural Revitalization Project. (1992). Visions in action: Colorado community cases: a report of the Colorado Rural Revitalization Project. Fort Collins, Colo.: Colorado State University Cooperative Extension. Ucsu20/6.2/r88/1992

Coppedge, R. O., Davis, C. G., University of Florida. Food and Resource Economics Dept., & Florida Cooperative Extension Service. (1977). Rural poverty and the policy crisis ( 1st ed.). Ames: Iowa State University Press. Hc110.p6 r88 339.2/1 Hc110.p6 r88

Cordes, S., VanderSluis, E., & Hoffman, J. (1999). Rural Health Research--Rural Hospitals and the Local Economy: A Needed Extension and Refinement of Existing Empirical Research. Journal of Rural Health, 15(2), 189.

Corsmeier, U., Kalthoff, N., Kolle, O., Kotzian, M., & Fiedler, F. (July 1997). Ozone concentration jump in the stable nocturnal boundary layer during a LLJ-event. Atmospheric Environment, 31(13), 1977-1989(1913). During the field campaign performed within the SANA-project (readjustment of the atmosphere in the five new federal states of the Federal Republic of Germany) at a flat, rural site in eastern Germany, several cases of a jumplike increase of ozone at the surface under stable conditions during the nights have been observed. The concentration jumps of ozone are on the order of 12 to 23 of the days maximum and the level is significantly higher than under normal conditions with stable stratification. The cases are correlated with an increase in wind speed, wind shear and a downward flux of ozone. In the case selected here, the increase in turbulence is caused by the evolution of a low-level jet (LLJ) with the core just above the top of surface inversion. The analysis of wind profile measurements at the aerological stations in north-eastern Germany reveals a spatial extension of the low-level jet of up to 600 km in length and 200 km in width. Thus the significance of the LLJ on the transport capability of the atmosphere is twofold: due to the large spatial extent of the LLJ and the high wind speed at the jet core level air pollutants are transported over hundreds of kilometers during one night. Secondly, due to the strong wind shear between the jet core and the ground pollutants can be mixed to the ground far away from the release area.

D

Darlington, M. W., University of Nebraska (Lincoln campus). Teachers College., & University of Nebraska (Lincoln campus). Extension Division. (1940). A teacher's handbook for the self-appraisal of a rural elementary school. Lincoln, Neb.,: The University of Nebraska Teachers college and University extension division. Lb1567.d27 379.7

DaviesAdetugbo, A., & Adebawa, H. (1997). The lfe South Breastfeeding Project: training community health extension workers to promote and manage breastfeeding in rural communities. Bulletin of the world health organization. bull, 75(4), 323.

Davis, T. L., & Colorado State University. Cooperative Extension Service. (1982). Purchasing rural property in Colorado. [Fort Collins, Colo.]: Colorado State University Extension Service. Ucsu20/6.22/6.300

Deacon, B., & Thompson, L. (1999). Back to the Land? Service and Self-Interest in Adult Education in Rural England, 1920-1945., Paper presented at the annual Standing Conference on University Teaching and Research in the Education of Adults (Warwick, England, July 5-7, 1999). Page Length: 8. Between the World Wars, a strong current of thought saw "the rural" as a reservoir of the spiritual capital of the nation, a view that stimulated back-to-the-land movements across western Europe. But the inter-war period also saw growing encounters of the urban and rural worlds, one of the interfaces being rural adult education. This paper presents two case studies of rural adult education in England during this period and argues that, despite apparent differences, both cases represent an ethos of "service and self-interest." They were both top-down interventions that allowed professional and administrative elites to move to and work in rural areas. Both projects also imagined the rural within a particular framework of class and gender relations. In Cornwall, the Workers Educational Association, in partnership with a university, extended liberal adult education to rural areas as a means of opening the gates to individual liberation. The ideological framework was one of service, but an outcome of self-interest is apparent as educators established their position as interpreters of academic culture to rural communities. In Devon, county-sponsored agricultural education for adults included "manual process" classes (in such areas as plowing and milking) that aimed to keep a low-paid but valued sector of the British race on the land, and "women's institutes" in horticulture and food preservation that promoted "active domesticity" at home or in the Empire. Government agricultural directives and funding were translated into agricultural education in Devon by the Agricultural Organiser, who also built an empire in the process with the tacit approval of the county council. (Contains 11 references.) (SV) ED443605

Deugd, M., Roling, N., & Smaling, E. M. A. (1 December 1998). A new praxeology for integrated nutrient management, facilitating innovation with and by farmers. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 71(1), 269-283(215). Integrated nutrient management (INM) is a broad-based remedy against excessive soil fertility decline or accumulation, problems which are increasingly recognised as major constraints to farming in both temperate and tropical hemispheres. The different technical indicators of INM (nutrient stocks, nutrient flows, technologies) are listed in the paper. At the same time, INM requires social interventions to arrive at technologies that simultaneously improve soil fertility in a sustainable way, and make sense to farmers given their different social and economic motives. As the limitations of transfer of technology to promote better INM become more obvious (particularly in lesser-endowed regions in the tropics), there is a need to develop new strategies, focussing on the facilitation of farmer learning to become experts at INM and at capturing the opportunities in their diverse environments. Facilitating INM therefore, requires a praxeology (theory informing practice, and practices feeding new theory) about facilitating innovation, focussing on enhancing the farmers' capacity to observe, experiment, discuss, evaluate and plan ahead. The paper lists the work needed to facilitate this learning with respect to INM, borrowing a leaf from earlier successes in the field of integrated pest management (IPM). Indispensable ingredients are participatory rural appraisals and participatory technology development, which emphasizes mutual open-mindedness and empathy between all the participants. The paper provides guidelines for the development of INM learning, but further field testing still has to be undertaken.

Dewees, P. A. (July 1995). Trees on Farms in Malawi: Private Investment, Public Policy, and Farmer Choice. World Development, 23(7), 1085-1102(1018). Agricultural intensification in Malawi has proceeded at the expense of the country's extensive woodlands. Rather than clear their farmlands of all trees however, farmers plant or leave preferred species in fields and around households. A number of indigenous and exotic agroforestry species are being promoted through extension. An analysis of potential capital and management costs vis-a-vis increased potential production of local and hybrid maize shows that investments in tree planting are most favorable when they involve low costs and low risks. In order to reduce the farmer's costs of tree planting, government introduced a Tree Planting Bonus scheme which has provided cash payments as an incentive for farmers to plant trees. The program has been costly to administer and has had a limited impact. Survey data suggest that existing markets for poles and other wood products probably provide better tree planting incentives. Planners need to carefully consider household resource allocation processes with regard to trees and tree based products before they can expect to achieve a significant impact in encouraging rural afforestation.

Dolloph, F., & Others, A. (10 Feb 1995). Meeting the Needs of a Rural Community for Registered Nurses., 18pp. Paper presented at "Workforce 2000," the Annual Conference on Workforce Training of the League for Innovation in the Community College (3rd, San Diego, CA, February 8-11, 1995). In 1988, Shepherd College-South Branch (SC-SB), a rural institution serving primarily place-bound adults, began offering non-nursing courses that would transfer to three regional nursing programs. Student requests, however, and a recognized shortage of registered nurses led to the establishment of a two-year rural nursing program in 1993. A county commission was established to determine possibilities for funding, and SC-SB hired a nursing faculty member from the main campus to assess needs and resources. It was determined that the county hospital could provide funds for a nursing coordinator, medical supplies, books, and a classroom, and that the local nursing home could provide facilities for the basic nursing skills lab, with students assisting with basic patient care as part of their training. In addition, the county library agreed to serve as a resource center for nursing library materials and lectures at the main campus were videotaped for SC-SB. Twelve students were admitted to the program's first class, with 9 of these students graduating after 2 years. An April 1994 review of the program indicated that in general it was successful and the hospital and nursing home agreed to 2 more years of funding, resulting in the admittance of 10 students for the 1996 class. Since the nursing shortage will probably cease to exist after this class, funding may not continue beyond 1996. (A map of West Virginia, the SC-SB nursing curriculum, and duties of the coordinator are appended.) (KP) ED380156

Donovan, P. A. (1995). The Management, Funding and Organisational Structure of Agricultural R & D in Zimbabwe, Malawi and South Africa. Part II--Organisational Structure. Agricultural Systems, 47(3), 273-290(218). The basic reasons for the present unsatisfactory structure of agricultural R & D in Southern Africa and particularly in South Africa, are the focus of R & D on the commercial sector of agriculture, at the expense of the non-commercial sector, top-down policy decision-making and the institutional separation of research and extension. This has led to the generation of inappropriate technology and ineffective technology transfer particularly for rural or communal farmers.The solution to these problems is a restructuring of agricultural R & D in which R & D for commercial agriculture is privatised enabling all government resources for agricultural R & D to be devoted to the non-commercial sector, a reversal of top-down decision-making empowering stakeholders to take their own decisions, and by making agricultural development, including agricultural R & D, an integral part of rural development structures and decision-making.

E

East African Agricultural Economics Society., & Makerere University College. Dept. of Rural Economy and Extension. (1968). East African journal of rural development ( Vol. 1). Kampala: East African Agricultural Economics Society and the Dept. of Rural Economy and Extension Makerere University College University of East Africa. Hd1401.e27 338.1/09676

Eastern Africa Agricultural Economics Society., Makerere University. Dept. of Rural Economy and Extension., & Makerere University. Eastern Africa journal of rural development ( Vol.. 6-16). [Kampala, Uganda,: Eastern Africa Agricultural Economics Society]. Hd1401.e27 338.1/0967

Eberle, W. (2000). Agricultural Extension and Rural Development: Breaking Out of Traditions, edited by Ray Ison and David Russell. Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education, 29, 167.

EDWARDS, P. E. T. E. R. (April 1998). A systems approach for the promotion of integrated aquaculture*. Aquaculture Economics & Management, 2(1), 1-12(12). A broad definition of integrated aquaculture based on linkages between human activities in general rather than on agriculture (including aquaculture) specifically, has merit. This recognizes that the world is changing rapidly and is becoming increasingly diverse and complex; by the end of the millennium more people will live in urban/industrial than rural areas.A framework comprising three interrelated aspects (production technology, social and economic aspects, and environmental aspects) is presented to facilitate study of sustainable farms. The need for a systems approach, which recognizes that integrated aquaculture comprises a range of systems involving various interrelated factors, is illustrated by reference to widespread misconceptions concerning two integrated culture systems: the dyke-pond system of south China, and feedlot livestock/fish.The case is made that the major constraints facing the promotion of aquaculture are the limited ability of developing countries to assimilate existing technology and limited local capacity in education, research and development. A conceptual framework for the promotion of integrated aquaculture is also presented. The framework comprises theory and practice interrelated with human resources or capacity as a better understanding of the former would facilitate the activities of the actors or players, the latter, who promote or execute aquaculture. National institutes should promote aquaculture in their areas of influence following a farming systems research and extension methodology. Furthermore, financial and technical assistance would be more effective if it were better co-ordinated.

Ellis, E. A., Nair, P. K. R., Linehan, P. E., Beck, H. W., & Blanche, C. A. (June 2000). A GIS-based database management application for agroforestry planning and tree selection. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 27(1), 41-55(15). Agroforestry (the deliberate growing of trees or shrubs in rural lands) is being promoted in the United States as an alternative resource management system that can bring landowners economic benefits and provide environmental services such as reduced soil erosion, improved water quality and wildlife habitat. Landowners, farmers and extension agents need to be better informed about different agroforestry opportunities and potential tree species. The Florida Agroforestry Decision Support System (FADSS) was designed to aid in the dissemination of such information. FADSS utilizes a geographical information system (GIS) enabling the user to select a location of interest which is linked to spatial data on climate and soils characteristics for the state of Florida. The application also incorporates a database of over 500 trees and 50 tree attributes, forming a relational database. The application structure consists primarily of building database queries using Standard Query Language (SQL). SQL queries are constructed during run-time based on spatial parameters of a selected location, the type of agroforestry system desired, and production and management criteria provided by the user. Experts were interviewed to help develop queries used to select trees and other agroforestry species. Being a prototype, the application is built with a modular and flexible framework in which spatial data of different scales and/or regions as well as plant data may be easily incorporated. Among the major limitations encountered during the development of FADSS with major implications on future agroforestry decision support systems was the current lack of tree information relevant to agroforestry and the lack of research involving the assessment of suitable trees and their characteristics.

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_____. (Feb 1994). Beginning Farmer Sustainable Agriculture Project. Interim Report., 15pp. Photographs may not reproduce adequately. The Nebraska Sustainable Agriculture Society also cooperated in this project. This project increases opportunities for beginning farmers to learn about and implement sustainable farming methods through mutual-help discussion groups and continuing education opportunities. Local groups established in six areas in northeast Nebraska in 1991 constitute the Beginning Farmer Support Network (BFSN). At workshops held throughout the year, the groups discussed goal setting, financial planning, alternative crops, farming practices, enterprise options, and grazing practices. Twelve beginning farm families that attended the BFSN workshops were selected for whole-farm case study analysis of their farm entry strategies. They kept records on machinery, inventories, energy use, fertilizer and pesticide purchases and use, assets and liabilities, and farm and nonfarm income and expenses. The following recommendations developed by the project include: mechanisms to hasten loan approval, to supplement beginning farmers' cash down-payments, and trade up-front acquisition costs for longer-term financing would help beginners; programs and policies that foster businesses and job creation in small towns are essential, since beginning farmers rely on off- farm employment to supplement their incomes; access to professional, educational, and extension services at nonstandard times and ways is needed; and information is needed that is geared toward basic facts, lowest-cost and least-input methods, and diversified integrated farms. Appended are farm family summaries. (TD) ED388472

Flora, C. B. (1998). Community Building for a Healthy Ecosystem. Paper presented at the Rural Development News, 22, 3, 1-3,10 Fall. People act in environmentally sound ways for many reasons, but the best motivation is wanting to act in the public good and knowing how to do it. Ed ucation and socialization internalize socially responsible behavior. Land grant university education and extension are based on internalizing the right thing to do and learning the right way to do it. Formal and informal education can help people appreciate the environment and its important ecological functions, as well as teach them how to work with and enhance those ecological functions. When internalization is absent, peer pressure may result in positive or negative actions toward the environment. However, community counts in terms of environmental quality and may turn peer pressure from a negative to a positive. When internalization and peer pressure do not work, economic incentives or penalties may encourage land managers to practice conservation. Force is the final and most costly mechanism for preventing environmentally damaging behavior. Internalization and peer pressure work well with farmers in an agrarian environment but not with those who live elsewhere and make decisions about environmental practices. If education for ecological health is going to improve ecosystem health, we must rethink whom we are talking to and why we are talking to them, and we must think more in terms of actors who are not rooted in place and who have various relationships to land, labor, and capital. Both farm managers and the bankers who loan them money must be educated about environmentally sustainable practices and how they can be profitable. (SV) ED426831 You may be able to order this document from the ERIC Document Reproduction Service.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Land and Water Development Division., & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Research Extension and Training Division. (1997). Land quality indicators and their use in sustainable agriculture and rural development: proceedings of the workshop. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. S591.l298 1997 631.4 1000 F17 L229wb no.5 1997

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., Unesco., & International Labour Organisation. Training for agriculture and rural development ( Vol. 1975-). Rome,: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. S530.t7 630/.7/1 1000 F17 Ec74s

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_____. (1999 Length: 33 Page(s); 1 Microfiche). Building Rural Health Partnerships in the South. Final Report. The Southern Rural Development Center (SRDC) at Mississippi State University aims to stimulate the creation of new partnerships to enhance rural communities' capacity to address key health issues. In 1997, SRDC hosted a conference to develop the following: partnerships among land-grant universities, the health sector, and local citizens and leaders; share health planning resource tools; and explore strategies to ensure that rural areas maintain a viable health sector. As a result of the conference, state rural health teams were formed in Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas. This document contains minigrant reports from the six state teams. Each report includes an introduction, team objectives, activities, achievements, future plans, and contact information. In Alabama, a countywide Coosa County "family festival" focused on family health, parenting, and the particular needs of children. Arkansas team members participated in an intensive workshop on how to write and adapt health materials for low literacy individuals, and are developing a center to provide such materials on a continuing basis. The Kentucky team developed a resource directory of health services for Floyd County, addressed cultural awareness issues, and started a clearinghouse on health education issues. The Mississippi team established a mentoring program for at-risk teenagers in Jones County. The Oklahoma team guided Noble County community leaders through the process of making decisions to improve their health environment. The Texas team assessed health issues and related educational needs in Hunt County. (SV) ED428919

Garkovich, L., & Tisdale, J. (1997). Evaluation and Impacts of Linking Family and Community Strengths Conference., 7pp. Conference was also sponsored by the National 4-H Council and the four Regional Rural Development Centers. This report summarizes a postconference evaluation of the "Linking Family and Community Strengths" conference, held in Louisville, Kentucky, in June 1996, and describes 12 community projects based on conference lessons. Six months after the conference, an evaluation was completed by 100 of 192 participants. The conference aimed to provide a framework for understanding ways in which family and community strengths, needs, and problems affect each other and for using these interconnections as a basis for partnerships that address family/community concerns. Two out of three respondents stated that conference topics and issues were important in their state and their work. Resource materials and knowledge obtained from the conference were applied to the work of 40-60 percent of respondents. Since the conference, 40-60 percent had begun or strengthened partnerships related to family- community interests. Twelve conference participants, Cooperative Extension Service educators, were awarded minigrants to develop partnerships that would build capacity in families and communities. The 12 projects took place primarily in rural areas and addressed poverty awareness among community service providers, community leadership training, teen perceptions of family strengths, challenges of welfare reform, strengths of Native American families and communities, poverty issues, "mind shift" from needs assessment to strengths assessment, and collaboration with early childhood networks. (SV) ED423107

Garner, M. G., Longbottom, H. M., Cannon, R. M., & Plant, A. J. (1998). A review of Q fever in Australia 1991-1994. Occupational Health and Industrial Medicine, 38(4), 169-169(161). Q fever continues to be an important disease in Australia. Despite the development of an effective vaccine that has been commercially available since 1989, the number of cases notified has continued to increase. This study reviewed national notifications of Q fever between 1991 and 1994, together with demographic, socioeconomic and occupational information, to investigate temporal and spatial disease patterns. Based on notification data, Q fever can be considered primarily a disease of adult males that occurs in eastern Australia: southern Queensland and northern New South Wales have the highest levels of activity. A significant association between Q fever activity of areas and the presence of livestock was found. A strong association with the meat industry was also confirmed. Q fever is conservatively estimated to cost Australia around A$ 1 million and more than 1700 weeks of work time annually. There is a need to increase awareness of this disease and its prevention. An extension program in rural communities and provision of vaccine to all abattoir workers would appear to be sensible public health approaches.

Gates, J. P. (Dec 1995). Educational and Training Opportunities in Sustainable Agriculture. 8th Edition., 48pp. For the 7th edition, see ED 378 058. This directory provides information on over 200 institutions and organizations that are involved in organic, alternative, or sustainable agriculture and that also focus on education, training, or provision of information. The directory was compiled by the Alternative Farming Systems Information Center (AFSIC), which is 1 of 10 information centers within the National Agricultural Library that provide in-depth coverage of specific subject areas relating to agricultural sciences. AFSIC focuses on alternative farming systems that aim at maintaining agricultural productivity and profitability, while protecting natural resources. The directory includes sections on institutions and organizations mostly in the United States and Canada with some overseas contacts. Each listing includes address, name of contact person, and a brief program description. Included are undergraduate and graduate degree programs, extension services, research programs, environmental education programs for elementary and secondary students, workshops and seminars, multidisciplinary training programs, and information sources. The guide also provides information on the regional offices of the Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program, which offer competitive research grants in agricultural sciences. (LP) ED393613

Gilbert, L. (16 July 1998). Pharmacy's attempts to extend its roles: A case study in South Africa. Social Science and Medicine, 47(2), 153-164(112). This paper examines the role expansion of community pharmacy in South Africa against the background of phenomena such as professional dominance and boundary encroachments. The study demonstrates pharmacy's thrust towards an extended and more meaningful role, making a clear distinction between the role extension concerning the granting of additional powers to prescribe medications, and that of a wider range of activities. It confirms previous claims that the opposition from the medical profession is particularly fierce when it relates to the pharmacist's ability to prescribe. The successful granting of special permits to a selected group of pharmacists to practice an extended role can be explained by the fact that it has been restricted to rural, under-served areas. The developments to date signify a partial success by the pharmacy profession towards its role extension. However, this is likely to remain limited due to the forces operating against it. Considering this context, the development of ''health centres'' might prove to be an alternative venue for the integration of pharmacists into the health care team.

Gill, D. S. (1988). A bibliography on effectiveness of agricultural extension services in reaching rural women in developing countries. Monticello, Ill.: Vance Bibliographies. Z7164.a2

Goebel, A. (April 1998). Process, Perception and Power: Notes from `Participatory' Research in a Zimbabwean Resettlement Area. Development and Change, 29(2), 277-305(229). The increased popularity of `participatory' methods in research, development projects, and rural extension in developing countries, has not consistently been accompanied by a critical evaluation of the quality and reliability of knowledge created and extracted in the process. In this article, the author employs her own research using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) in a Zimbabwean Resettlement Area, to examine how knowledge is created through this type of research act, and how later research may be used to turn back and `make sense' of PRA data. The article explores how power relations among participants are both revealed and concealed in PRA, focusing specifically on the implications for gendered perspectives. The paper also highlights the dynamic, contested and often contradictory nature of `local knowledge' itself. Apparently transparent chunks of `local reality' gleaned through PRA can turn out to be part of complex webs of multiple ideologies and practices. The author argues that while participatory methodologies may offer effective ways of beginning a research project, adoption of short PRA workshops in academic or project related research could lead to dangerously faulty representations of complex social worlds.

Good, C. M. (1970). Rural markets and trade in East Africa: a study of the functions and development of exchange institutions in Ankole, Uganda. [Chicago: University of Chicago Dept. of Geography]. H31.C514 no. 128 380.1/09676/1

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Halbrook, S. A., Ed., & Grace, T. E., Ed. (Jan 1994). Increasing Understanding of Public Problems and Policies: 1993. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the National Public Policy Education Committee (43rd, Clearwater Beach, Florida, September 12-15, 1993)., 231pp. For selected individual papers, see RC 019 486-489. For 1992 proceedings, see ED 355 353. The annual conference of the National Public Policy Education Committee (NPPEC) is held to improve the policy education efforts of extension workers responsible for public affairs programs. This publication contains 26 conference papers: "Rural America and the Information Revolution: An Exploration of Possibilities and Potentialities" (David Pearce Snyder); "Observations on Agricultural Policy, Policy Reform and Public Policy Education" (John E. Lee, Jr.); "The Status of Agriculture in 1993" (Marty Strange); "A Legislative Perspective on Current and Future Changes in U.S. Farm Policy" (Chip Conley); "Farm Group Perspective on U.S. Farm Policy" (Harry Bell); "Public Policy in a Changing Society" (Otto Doering); "Innovations in Public Policy Education" (Alan J. Hahn); "Alternative Dispute Resolution Approaches to Conflict Management" (Ronald C. Faas); "Collaborative Dispute Resolution Processes" (Robert M. Jones); "Use of ADR in Extension Public Policy Education Programs and Roles Extension Can Play in Dispute Resolution" (Leon E. Danielson & Simon K. Garber); "Framing Public Issues and Working with the Media" (JoAnn Myer Valenti); "Building Coalitions for Educating and Problem Solving: Process, Roles, Warnings and Styles for Extension Involvement" (Fielding Cooley and Others); "Educational Coalitions, Political Coalitions and Roles for Extension" (Alan J. Hahn); "Ethical Issues in Health Care Reform" (Mark H. Waymack); "Health Reform: What the Clinton Plan and Alternatives Mean to Rural and Urban America" (Edward F. Howard); "Health Care Reform: The Implications for Health Data Systems" (Ronald C. Young); "A Case Study of Extension's Response to Health Care Reform" (Lorraine Garkovich); "Public Issues Education and the NPPEC" (Walter J. Armbruster); "Public Issues Education: A Cooperative Extension System Initiative to Improve Public Decisions" (Ayse C. Somersan); "Public Issues Education and the National Public Policy Education Committee" (Barry L. Flinchbaugh); "Environmental Policy: The Legislative and Regulatory Agenda" (Michael T. Olexa); "Impacts of Reduced Pesticide Use on the Profitability of the Fruit and Vegetable Sector" (Charles Hall and others); "Impacts of EPA Dairy Waste Regulations on Farm Profitability" (Ronald D. Knutson and others); "Environmental Policy and Natural-Resource-Based Economic Development" (Tim Phipps); "Environmental Policy: Impacts on Natural-Resource-Based Economic Development" (Robert P. Jones); and "Tourism, Natural Environments and Public Policy" (Clyde F. Kiker and Andrew Seidl). Also contains abstracts of presentations, poster and display session topics, and a list of conference participants. (KS) ED373928

Halbrook, S. A., Ed., & Merry, C. E., Ed. (Jan 1996). Increasing Understanding of Public Problems and Policies, 1995., 208pp. Papers presented at the National Public Policy Education Conference (45th, Overland Park, KS, September 24-27, 1995). For the 1994 version, see ED 386 332. This document contains abstracts and the complete texts of 19 papers that were presented at a conference held to improve the policy education efforts of extension workers responsible for public affairs programs. The following papers are included: "Microwave Society and Crock-Pot Government" (Bill Graves); "Citizen Participation, Social Capital and Social Learning in the United States, 1960-1995" (Carmen Sirianni); "Citizen InvolvementFederal Level" (Sam Brownback); "Citizen Involvement in Public Policy Formation from the Perspective of a Rural Kansas Senatorial District" (Janis Lee); "Johnson County Citizens Are Involved with Local Government" (Johnna Lingle); "The Past and Future: Social Contract, Social Policy, and Social Capital" (Cornelia Butler Flora, Jan L. Flora); "Asset-Based Alternatives in Social Policy" (Michael Sherraden, Deborah Page-Adams); "Application Opportunities in Public Issues Education" (Alan J. Hahn); "National Policy Trends: Implications for Resource Conservation" (Jeffrey A. Zinn); "Civic Environmentalism and National Environmental Policy: Reform or Rollback?" (DeWitt John); "Whose Land Is It Anyway? Endangered Species, Private Property, and the Fight for the Environment" (Jon H. Goldstein); "Consumer Perceptions of Risk: Implications for Food Safety Policy" (Margy Woodburn); "Economic Issues Associated with Food Safety" (Stephen R. Crutchfield); "1995 Farm Bill; Will We Decouple?" (Barry L. Flinchbaugh); "1995 Farm Bill" (Ronald D. Knutson); "Industrialization of Agriculture: What Are the Policy Implications?" (Michael Boehlje); "Sustainability: Observations, Expectations and Policy Implications" (Dana L. Hoag, Melvin D. Skold); "Understanding the Changing Structure of American Agriculture" (Don Paarlberg); and "Understanding the Changing Structure of American Agriculture" (Harold F. Breimyer). Also included are lists of the conference's invited poster/display session topics and conference participants. Some papers contain substantial bibliographies. (MN) ED392897

Harrington, V., & O'Donoghue, D. (August 1998). Rurality in England and Wales 1991: A Replication and Extension of the 1981 Rurality Index. Sociologia Ruralis, 38(2), 178-203(126). This paper sets out to create rurality indexes for 222 non-urban Local Authority Districts (LADs) in England and Wales 1991, replicating the earlier work of Cloke (1977) and Cloke and Edwards (1986) for 1971 and 1981 respectively. The same technique is employed to generate the rurality indices for 1991 as that used by those previous researchers. The results for 1991 are then compared to those for 1981, illustrating the robustness of the rurality index. Despite the robustness of the rurality index, it was felt that too much of the variation in rurality was left unexplained by the previous construction. Therefore, principal components analysis is used to identify two new dimensions of rurality: Structural Rurality and Demographic Rurality. The remainder of the paper investigates the ways in which these new, or additional, indices of rurality may prove useful to the further study of change in rural areas of England and Wales.

Heise, D. A., Comp. (Sep 1995). Journals Significant to Rural Development Received at the National Agricultural Library. Rural Information Center Publication Series, No. 48. Revised Edition., 33p. This directory lists 227 journals in the National Agricultural Library's (NAL) collection that are related to social and economic aspects of rural development. The directory includes both United States and international journals. Each citation includes title, NAL call number, NAL holdings information, the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN), publisher, frequency of publication, and an indication of whether the journal is indexed in the NAL database AGRICOLA. Journals focus on issues related to rural development, rural economics, rural education, agriculture, extension services, rural areas, human services, environmental economics, health care, public policy, agribusiness, human resources, rural sociology, social problems, community development, and rural reconstruction. The directory also provides information on the Rural Information Center, a joint project of NAL and the Extension Service; document delivery services to individuals; and electronic access for interlibrary loan requests. (LP) ED401053

Henderson, J. W., Kelly, T. M., & Taylor, B. A. (November 2000). The Impact of Agglomeration Economies on Estimated Demand Thresholds: An Extension of Wensley and Stabler. Journal of Regional Science, 40(4), 719-733(715). Central place theory predicts that geographic markets located in rural areas have lower demand thresholds, and, therefore, a higher frequency of business establishments relative to areas that are more proximate to urban centers, other things equal. Wensley and Stabler (1998) confirm this prediction using data on the location and frequency of business activities in rural Saskatchewan. We demonstrate that this relationship may not always hold true depending on the existence and magnitude of agglomeration economies. If average cost differences associated with being located in an urbanized area are sufficiently large, then the relationship between urban proximity and number of establishments may be reversed. We provide evidence of this reversal using 1996 cross-sectional data on hospital services in Texas.

Henry, M. S., Schmitt, B., & Piguet, V. (April 2001). Spatial Econometric Models for Simultaneous Systems: Application to Rural Community Growth in France. International Regional Science Review, 24(2), 171-193(123). In this article, comparisons are made of several spatial econometric approaches to estimation of multiequation models of small region development applied to rural community growth. Spatial extensions of the Carlino and Mills's 1987 and Boarnet's 1994 models are estimated to analyze the spread of population and employment into 3,500 rural communes in six French regions. Results are compared for the Henry, Barkley, and Bao's 1997 extension of the Boarnet model, the Carlino-Mills and Boarnet models, and three spatial autoregressive models suggested by Rey and Boarnet in 2001. Tests for spread and backwash effects in the spatial autoregressive model, and the Carlino-Mills and Boarnet models, with spatial autoregressive terms added, indicate that population growth spreads to rural communities from nearby areas but that evidence on employment spread is less robust. The Henry et al. modification to Boarnet adds insight into how urban growth affects proximate rural areas by decomposing the spatial cross-regressive term into rural area, urban core, and urban fringe effects.

Hiller, R. L., & Colorado State University. Cooperative Extension Service. (1979). Rural clean water program. [Fort Collins, Colo.]: Colorado State University Extension Service. Ucsu20/6.22/4.906

Hoffman, M. T., & Todd, S. (1 December 2000). A National Review of Land Degradation in South Africa: the Influence of Biophysical and Socio-economic Factors. Journal of Southern African Studies, 26(4), 743-758(716). Studies of land degradation in South Africa have seldom addressed the issue for the whole country. As part of the first step in developing a National Action Programme to combat desertification, a national review of the soil and veld degradation problem was conducted in 1997 and 1998. The results are based on the perceptions of agricultural extension workers and resource conservation technicians from the Department of Agriculture. They indicate that it is primarily in the communal areas along the eastern and northern escarpment and in some commercial districts along the Orange River that problems of soil degradation are greatest. Veld degradation is also higher in communal areas than commercial areas, although many commercial areas are susceptible to bush encroachment and alien plant invasions. A separate multiple regression analysis indicates that both biophysical and socio-economic factors are associated with high levels of soil and veld degradation. Magisterial districts which are most degraded are characterised by steep slopes and high mean annual temperatures, and a rural population in which many people are dependent on only a few wage earners. Although the interaction is poorly understood it appears that when there are high levels of poverty in susceptible environments, land degradation is greatest.

Holloway, G., Nicholson, C., Delgado, C., Staal, S., & Ehui, S. (September 2000). Agroindustrialization through institutional innovation - Transaction costs, cooperatives and milk-market development in the east-African highlands. Agricultural Economics, 23(3), 279-288(210). Some small-holders are able to generate reliable and substantial income flows through small-scale dairy production for the local market; for others, a set of unique transaction costs hinders participation. Cooperative selling institutions are potential catalysts for mitigating these costs, stimulating entry into the market, and promoting growth in rural communities. Trends in cooperative organization in east-African dairy are evaluated. Empirical work focuses on alternative techniques for effecting participation among a representative sample of peri-urban milk producers in the Ethiopian highlands. The variables considered are a modern production practice (cross-bred cow use), a traditional production practice (indigenous-cow use), three intellectual-capital-forming variables (experience, education, and extension), and the provision of infrastructure (as measured by time to transport milk to market). A Tobit analysis of marketable surplus generates precise estimates of non-participants' 'distances' to market and their reservation levels of the covariates - measures of the inputs necessary to sustain and enhance the market. Policy implications focus on the availability of cross-bred stock and the level of market infrastructure, both of which have marked effects on participation, the velocity of transactions in the local community and, inevitably, the social returns to agroindustrialization.

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International Labour Office. (1996). Rural women in micro-enterprise development: a training manual and programme for extension workers. Geneva: Ilo. 1024 R881wm 1996

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Jedlicka, A. D. (1977). Organization for rural development: risk taking and appropriate technology. New York: Praeger Publishers. Hd1417.j4 1977 338.1/09172/4 Hd1417.j4 1977

Jiggins, J., & Roling, N. (Apr 1994). Systems Thinking and Participatory Research and Extension Skills: Can These Be Taught in the Classroom? Occasional Papers in Rural Extension, No. 10., 21p. Over the last decade, there have been rapid developments in field methodologies within participatory approaches to rural and agricultural development. At the same time, the use of "soft systems" methodologies for bringing potentially conflictual or disparate actors together for action has spread from the business world to other applications. These new methodologies are based on the ideas that: (1) action for change and impossible as a voluntary process without a commitment to change and that participation is a necessary condition for commitment, and (2) complex decisions in conditions of uncertainty and immediacy are best handled from a systems perspective. Information about and competence in using and adapting these methodologies remain largely in the store of "craft knowledge" of professionals. Academic institutions have been slow to train students in the emerging professionalism of systems management and participatory research and extension, and have tended to view such professional work practices and skills as best developed in the field. This paper outlines reasons why such a view is no longer viable; outlines principles and goals for training and practice in rural development, agricultural research, and extension; describes efforts of a few universities worldwide to address these training needs; and examines questions about whether the needed skills can be taught in the classroom. Two university innovations in this area are described: systems-based curricula at the University of Western Sydney (Australia) emphasizing experiential learning, student reflection, and problem solving; and an intensive 3-week course on participatory research and extension at Guelph University (Ontario). Contains over 100 references. (SV) ED393609

John, P. L. C. (Aug 1994). Rural Leadership: January 1984 - May 1994. Quick Bibliography Series: QB 94-45. Updates QB 93-51., 40pp. Updates ED 364 391. This bibliography contains 135 entries related to rural and community leadership. The entries were derived from the AGRICOLA database produced by the National Agricultural Library and include journal articles, extension bulletins, books, conference papers, and government reports. Entries cover such topics as community development, community leadership, educational programs, leadership, leadership training, local government, extension activities, program development, rural areas, rural communities, rural development, and teaching materials. Each entry includes title, author, publisher, publication date, journal or conference information (where appropriate), language, descriptors, and the National Agricultural Library call number. Some entries contain an abstract. Also included are indexes by author and subject and information about interlibrary loan from the National Agricultural Library. (LP) ED377006

John, P. L. C. (Feb 1994). Crime in Rural America: January 1979-October 1993. Quick Bibliography Series., 30pp. Updates QB-92-21. This bibliography lists materials available from the National Agricultural Library's (NAL) AGRICOLA database that are related to crime and crime prevention in rural areas. The bibliography was derived from a search of books, journals, research reports, and Cooperative Extension Service publications that have been entered into the database since January 1979. The 91 citations include the NAL call number, title, author, place of publication, publisher, journal information, language, and descriptors. In some cases, an abstract is included. Materials cover topics such as criminality, delinquent behavior, family violence, adolescent development, juvenile delinquency, law enforcement, criminal justice, property protection, victimization, rural communities, rural youth, and youth programs. Also provides information on the Rural Information Center, a joint project of NAL and the Extension Service; document delivery services to individuals; and electronic mail access for interlibrary loan requests. Includes author and subject indexes. (LP) ED401052

John, P. L. C. (Jun 1994). Information Access in Rural America: January 1980 - April 1994. Quick Bibliography Series: QB 94-39., 41pp. Updates ED 361 150. This bibliography contains 166 entries related to information access in rural communities. The entries were derived from the AGRICOLA database produced by the National Agricultural Library and include journal articles, books, conference papers, and government reports. Entries cover such topics as information centers, information needs, cooperative extension services, information services, libraries, program development, rural areas, rural development, rural communities, rural sociology, and rural libraries. Each entry contains title, author, publisher, publication date, journal or conference information (where appropriate), language, descriptors, and the National Agricultural Library call number. Some entries contain an abstract. Also included are indexes by author and subject and information about interlibrary loan from the National Agricultural Library. (LP) ED378003

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Kai-yuen, T. (September 1998). Factor Decomposition of Chinese Rural Income Inequality: New Methodology, Empirical Findings, and Policy Implications. Journal of Comparative Economics, 26(3), 502-528(527). This paper is an attempt to explore the factors behind the changes in rural income inequality in China in the second half of the 1980s by decomposing overall rural income inequality into contributions by different sources of income. Furthermore, by extension of Shorrocks decomposition rule (Shorrocks, 1982, Econometrica 50, 1:193-211, Jan. 1982), the contribution of each source of income is further decomposed into its between-regions and within-region contributions. Statistical tests are developed to ascertain whether the changes in the contributions are statistically significant. The policy implications of the empirical findings with respect to region-based redistributive and preferential policies are discussed.J. Comp. Econom., September 1998, 26(3), pp. 502-528. Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

Kasusya, P. (June 1998). Combating desertification in northern Kenya (Samburu) through community action: a community case experience. Journal of Arid Environments, 39(2), 325-329(325). The Samburu District is situated in the arid and semi-arid area of the Rift Valley Province of Kenya. The Lorroki Plateau in central Samburu acts as an important water catchment for the surrounding arid areas and serves as an area for dry season grazing for the Samburu people, who are pastoralists living in group ranches and whose trees and forests are managed as a communal resource providing grazing, firewood, building poles and medicines. Strong group rules enforced by appointed elders have traditionally been essential to the conservation and wise use of communal tree and forest resources. But these rules have been undermined by changes in resource management, forest use patterns, increasing population, overgrazing, displacements, droughts, cattle rustling and high urban demand for wood energy and building materials. These changes have led to desert conditions. For the past 2 years I have worked among the communities in interventions to combat desertification and have held seminars to sensitize communities and extension staff. Participatory rural appraisal methods and action plans have been drawn up to address range rehabilitation within denuded community lands. The people have formed rural conservation committees with defined responsibilities, and women are taking an active role in harvesting and marketing non-woody products like honey to earn income.

Keightley, R. (1999). The Impact of the Extension of Security of Tenure Act on an Owner's Right to Vindicate Immovable Property. South African journal on human rights, 15(3), 277.

Klees, S., Matangala, A., Spronk, B., & Visser, J. (1997). Reaching Unreached Learners in Mozambique: A Report to the Minister of Education on Learning Needs and Alternative Pathways to Learning in the Perspective of an Integrated Response to the Needs of a Rapidly Developing Society in a Complex World., 66pp. Financial support from the Netherlands Government, through its embassy in Maputo, Mozambique. This report was prepared in the framework of Mozambique's concern to respond to the needs of large numbers of unreached learners and to attend, in an integrated fashion, to a growing diversity of learning needs. As step 1 of a three-phase process assisted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization's (UNESCO's) Learning without Frontiers initiative, an international mission team analyzed the context of learning needs in Mozambique and examined resources available to meet such needs holistically. The first section of this report discusses the need for lifelong learning in a rapidly changing world, design of the overall three- phase process, and work of the mission team. This section also examines the notion of crossing "frontiers" to reduce barriers to learning; these frontiers include boundaries between public and private sectors, between channels of learning, between the worlds of work and learning, between "modern" and "traditional" systems of knowledge, and among languages. The second section looks at key problems and issues related to the economy, agriculture, health, education, and communications in Mozambique as a whole and in the provinces of Sofala and Nampula, focusing on effects of the decade-long civil war, widespread dependence on subsistence agriculture, limited access to education, high rates of illiteracy, poor health conditions, and the education of women and girls. Final sections suggest directions for project content, audiences, organization, and location and include recommendations for the next mission. Contains 33 references and an additional bibliography. Appendices list persons and groups met within Maputo and organization name abbreviations. (SV) ED426833 Available from: Web site: http://www.unesco.org/education/educprog/lwf/lwf docs.htm l You may be able to order this document from the ERIC Document Reproduction Service.

Korsching, P. F., Hipple, P. C., & Abbott, E. A. (2000). Having all the right connections: telecommunications and rural viability. Westport, CT: Praeger. He7775.h39 2000 384/.0973/091734

Krishna, A., Uphoff, N. T., & Esman, M. J. (1997). Reasons for hope: instructive experiences in rural development. West Hartford, Conn.: Kumarian Press. Hn981.c6 r43 1997 307.1/412/091722

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Lans, C., Harper, T., Georges1, K., & Bridgewater1, E. (12 June 2000). Medicinal plants used for dogs in Trinidad and Tobago. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 45(3), 201-220(220). This paper documents ethnoveterinary medicines used to treat dogs in Trinidad and Tobago. In 1995, a 4-stage process was used to conduct the research and document the ethnoveterinary practices. Twenty-eight ethnoveterinary respondents were identified using the school-essay method, which is a modified rapid rural appraisal (RRA) technique. Semi-structured interviews were held with these respondents as well as with 30 veterinarians, 27 extension officers and 19 animal-health assistants and/or agricultural officers, and the seven key respondents that they identified. The final step involved hosting four participatory workshops with 55 of the respondents interviewed to discuss the ethnoveterinary data generated from the interviews and to determine dosages for some of the plants mentioned. Supplementary interviews were conducted in 1997 and 1998.Seeds of Carica papaya, and leaves of Cassia alata, Azadirachta indica, Gossypium spp., Cajanus cajan and Chenopodium ambrosiodes are used as anthelmintics. The anthelmintics Gossypium spp. and Chenopodium ambrosiodes are the most frequently used species. Crescentia cujete pulp, Musa spp. stem exudate, the inside of the pods of Bixa orellana, leaves of Cordia curassavica and Eclipta alba plant tops are used for skin diseases. Musa spp. stem exudate, seeds of Manilkara zapota, Pouteria sapota and Mammea americana and leaves of Cordia curassavica, Scoparia dulcis and Nicotiana tabacum are used to control ectoparasites. Dogs are groomed with the leaves of Cordia curassavica, Bambusa vulgaris and Scoparia dulcis. Psidium guajava buds and leaves and the bark of Anacardium occidentale are used for diarrhoea. Owners attempt to achieve milk let-down with a decoction of the leaves of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis. The plant uses parallel those practised in human folk medicine in other Caribbean countries and in other tropical countries.

Lee, J. E., Jr. (Jan 1994). Observations on Agricultural Policy, Policy Reform and Public Policy Education., 24pp. In: "Increasing Understanding of Public Problems and Policies: 1993"; see RC 019 485. The intervention of the United States government in agriculture in the 20th century is an explainable response to basic characteristics of agriculture: unpredictability, immobile resources, technological changes and disproportionate supply and demand factors. The concentration of large benefits among relatively few producers and diffusion of costs over a large nonfarm population make policy reform difficult. The policies in place since the 1930s have had both positive and negative consequences from a societal perspective. While farm policies have gradually become less distortive, less expensive, and increasingly sensitive to a broader array of social concerns, such as the environment and food safety, they still reduce the overall efficiency of the U.S. economy, regressively redistribute income and wealth, and divert attention and energy of policymakers away from more pressing rural and social problems. Increasing public understanding of the consequences of alternative policies will equip people for productive questioning. Such outreach is essential for policy reform and is both an opportunity and a challenge for public policy educators. (KS) ED373929

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Malaviya, J. N., & Ranade, S. P. (November 1997). Potential of solar home-lighting system in rural western India. Fuel and Energy Abstracts, 38(6), 415-415(411). Among the largest consumers of electricity are the states of Maharastra and Gujarat in Western India. These areas experience power shortages in ru