Rural Environment (2001)

Page Contents

A      B      C      D      E      F      G      H      I      J      K      L      M      N      O      P      R      S      T      U      V      W      Y      Z

A

Altman, I., & Ts'erts'man, A. (1994). Women and the environment. New York: Plenum Press. BF353.H85 vol. 13 155.6/33

Amalric, F., Banuri, T., & United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. (1995). People, the environment and responsibility: case studies from rural Pakistan. New York: Parthenon Pub. Group. Hc440.5.z9 e565 1995 333.7/095491

Anderson, N., & Easterbrooks, S. R. (April 16, 1999). Current Status of Educational Interpreter Certification for Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing., Paper resented at the Annual Conference of the Council for Exceptional Children (Charlotte, NC, April 16, 1999). This report summarizes the outcomes of a National Task Force on Educational Interpreting that was established to examine and clarify roles and responsibilities, training and certification, working conditions, and other issues and needs concerning the involvement of educational interpreters in regular education environments. The task force found: (1) educational interpreters need to be recognized as members of the educational team; (2) the increasing number of students with deafness enrolled in the mainstream has caused a crisis in availability of prepared professionals; (3) many students have no interpreter or an underqualified interpreter; (4) many systems do not have supervisory staff with sufficient expertise to evaluate educational interpreters; and (5) job descriptions for educational interpreters vary greatly from one setting to another. The task force recommended the development of certification standards and the promotion of these standards to the states. Since that time, 11 states have developed and implemented standards. The problem of availability of personnel remains critical. The report discusses the roles and responsibilities of the educational interpreter, special problems in the rural environment, the use of teachers of students with deafness as interpreters, and the role of the National Clearinghouse for Professions in Special Education. (CR) ED434455

Anderson, T. L., & Yandle, B. (2001). Agriculture and the environment: searching for greener pastures. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press. S441.a39 2001 577.5/5/0973

Arthur, C., & Dash, J. M. (1999). A Haiti anthology: libète. Princeton, NJ London Kingston: Markus Wiener Publishers ; Latin America Bureau ; Ian Randle Publishers. F1921.h13 1999 972.94

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Barnes, C., Ensminger, J., & O'Keefe, P. (1984). Wood, energy, and households: perspectives on rural Kenya. Stockholm, Sweden ; Beijer Institute, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ; Uppsala, Sweden: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Hd9769.f843 Hd9769.f843 k48 1984 engine

Barnes, D. F., Olivares, J., & World Bank. Environment Dept. (1988). Sustainable resource management in agricultural and rural development projects: a review of bank policies, procedures, and results. [Washington, D.C.]: World Bank Policy Planning and Research Staff Environment Department. Hd1417 1000 I51 ENV En85wp no. 5 1988

Bierlich, B. (August 1995). Notions and treatment of Guinea worm in Northern Ghana. Social Science and Medicine, 41(4), 501-509(509). Dracunculiasis, infection with Dracunculus medinensis or guinea worm, is widespread in the Northern Region of Ghana, where rural people drink from unprotected water sources such as ponds and small-scale dams.This paper discusses the results of an anthropological study of beliefs and practices concerning commonly occurring illnesses, such as infection with guinea worm (nierifu), in two rural Dagomba communities in the Northern Region of Ghana. The importance of knowing about local perceptions and treatment of guinea worm is stressed. Guinea worm is not attributed to water. The general understanding is that guinea worm is an innate part of human anatomy. It is not seen as an alien presence in the body. Guinea worm is rather said to be 'in people's blood', and sooner or later to 'stand up'. Guinea worm is considered an 'inevitable' feature of living.After a description of the background to the study, the methods are characterized. Brief background information on the people, their environment and their water sources are given. The central portion of the paper focuses on local perceptions of illness and notions of guinea worm ('guinea worm is in the human blood'), which are very different from those of biomedicine ('guinea worm is a disease'). Attention is also given to perceptions of water ('bitter' vs 'sweet') and the prevention of guinea worm. The social limitations to the filter technology are addressed. People's choice of therapy and the role of medicines (herbs and Western pharmaceuticals) in treatment of guinea worm are also considered. The paper concludes with a discussion of health education and stresses the importance of showing respect for the local view of guinea worm, which is said to be 'in the blood'. It is suggested that, since people are not adverse to the use of Western pharmaceuticals, the use of Western medicines to treat guinea worm should be further promoted. The social constraints on filtering must also be appreciated. These relate to the organization of labour within the household and the dominant role of the 'senior wife'.Orthography: I have employed the Roman alphabet to transcribe local terms; they have been italicized and their English translations given in inverted commas.

Binns, T. (1995). People and environment in Africa. Chichester ; New York: Wiley. Gf701.p46 1995 304.2/096

Birk, J. M., & Kim, S. H. (1995). Benefits and Challenges: Experiences of Rural Psychologists., 10pp. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association (103rd, New York, NY, August 11-15, 1995). Although psychologists have played key roles in providing mental health services to rural populations for many years, only recently has the profession begun to devote more attention to the issues of psychologists who work in rural areas. Existing literature on rural mental health has focused primarily on unique problems of rural populations and the diagnosis and treatment of rural clients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the benefits and stressors of working in a rural setting (n=197). In addition, the study addressed how well psychologists' training prepared them for rural work and why they chose a career in rural mental health. Phone interviews with 17 psychologists were used to create the Rural Practice and Management Survey, an instrument reflective of the experiences of rural psychologists. Results indicated that rural mental health service providers were a fairly homogeneous group. They tended to be White males who were married, were trained in a clinical psychology program, and who were primarily employed in direct human services. The level of stress reported by this sample was in the low to low-moderate range. Overall, participants were very enthusiastic about the benefits of working in a rural mental health environment. Contains nine tables and three figures. (JBJ) ED394090

Boivin, M. J. (December 1997). An ecological paradigm for a health behavior analysis of ''Konzo'', a paralytic disease of Zaire from toxic cassava. Social Science and Medicine, 45(12), 1853-1862(1810). Konzo is an irreversible paralytic disease afflicting tens of thousands of women and children in rural Zaire and throughout sub-Sahara Africa. The disease can occur where bitter, high-yield varieties of cassava that thrive in arid soils provide the basic nutritional staple. The paraparesis is related to upper motor neuron damage stemming from the consumption of insufficiently processed toxic cassava roots (manioc) and a diet poor in the sulfur-based amino acids necessary for the body to detoxify the cyanide in this plant. The ecological paradigm [Kelly (1968) Toward an ecological conception of preventive interventions, in Research Contributions from Psychology to Community Mental Health, ed. J. W. Carter, pp. 75-99, Behavioral Publications, New York] is adapted as the evaluative model for evaluating the potential effectiveness of a proposed health behavior/education intervention for knozo. This qualitative research model involves a consideration of the cycling of resources (human labor and material), adaptation (of personal and social practice related to the health issue), succession (of social institutions, values, customs), interdependence (of human social units), and feasibility (or the congruency of the proposed intervention and cultural traits of the host environment). Based on this evaluative model, a health behavior/education level of intervention focusing specifically on using focus groups and multi-channel communication techniques to discourage unsafe manioc short-soaking tendencies among village women farmers seems feasible. Such an approach is not dependent on sophisticated technical or material inputs and is therefore readily sustainable without outside agency support once it is effectively initiated within that culture.

Bolender, R. (Feb 1994). A Comparison of the Effect of Academic Peer Mentors on the Grade Point Averages of Underprepared Freshmen at Mount Vernon Nazarene College., 40pp. Ed.D. Practicum, Nova University. This study examined the effect of academic peer mentors on the grade-point averages of underprepared freshmen at Mount Vernon Nazarene College (Ohio), a church-related coeducational college of arts and sciences. Underprepared freshmen at this school are required to participate in the College Experience Enhancement Program. For the fall, 1993 term, a peer mentor component was added to the program. The study compared first semester grade point averages for 41 students in the 1993 group with those for 47 similarly underprepared freshmen in the 1992 program (which did not include the peer mentoring component). The paper summarizes the process of the study, setting out the background and nature of the problem, reviewing the literature on mentoring and academic peer mentoring, and defining methodology and methods. A statistically significant difference in grade point average between the two groups was not found. Possible reasons for this unexpected finding are suggested. (Contains 20 references.) (CH) ED406935

Bolender, R. (Feb 1994). A Leadership Development Action Plan for Improving the Preparedness Levels of Prospective Students for the Academic Experience at MVNC., 115pp. Ed.D. Practicum, Nova University. This practicum paper sets out a leadership development action plan (LDAP) at Mount Vernon Nazarene College (MVNC) in Ohio intended to help the director of retention and academic services in efforts to improve preparedness and readiness levels of prospective students at the school, a church-related coeducational college of arts and science. The plan was developed to address complaints of student deficiencies in reading, writing, and mathematics skills, scientific knowledge, classical literature background, commitment to out-of-class study, and general study skills such as notetaking and time management. Key points of the LDAP included: (1) challenging the process; (2) inspiring a shared vision; (3) enabling others to act; (4) modeling the way; and (5) encouraging the heart. Emphasis was also on raising academic expectation levels of prospective students and improving retention by encouraging high school students to enroll in proper high school college preparatory courses. Individual sections of the report consider: the project' background, the process of plan development, the literature review, methodology and procedures, results, and evaluation. Appendixes include a list of suggested components for a leadership development action plan; a sample inquiry letter; a list of validators; a list of suggested plan revisions; and the final leadership development action plan. (Contains 50 references.) (CH) ED406934

Bonham-Carter, V. (1973). Land and environment: the survival of the English countryside. Rutherford [N.J.]: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. Hn385 Hn385.b62 1973 scienc

Bowsley, V., Dugi, A., Gonnie, P., Heimbecker, C., Jennings, M., Medina, C., Sorgnit, H., Watt, C., & Prater, G. (2000). Transition of Navajo Special Education Students in a Rural Environment., In: Capitalizing on Leadership in Rural Special Education: Making a Difference for Children and Families. Conference Proceedings (Alexandria, VA, March 16-18, 2000); see RC 022 337. Page Length: 7. The Kayenta Unified School District (KUSD)(Arizona) transition program helps prepare Dine (Navajo) special education students for postsecondary opportunities within their own communities and outside the Navajo Reservation. The senior transition class entails a year-long course that focuses on the application process for tribal and federal vocational rehabilitation services; vocational training, including job placement; incorporation of Dine culture; and involvement of family and community. Case studies describe the experiences of three male students with mild or learning disabilities who went through the transition program in 1997-99. During 1997-99, KUSD's Monument Valley High School graduated a total of 32 students with varying disabilities, of which 12 sought postsecondary vocational training. It appears that students are more successful with vocational training if they have parental support and are more likely to apply for postsecondary training if they are better informed about training services. (SV) ED439877

BRAUN-FAHRLANDER, C. H., GASSNER, M., GRIZE, L., NEU, U., SENNHAUSER, F. H., VARONIER, H. S., VUILLE, J. C., & WUTHRICH, B. (January 1999). Prevalence of hay fever and allergic sensitization in farmers children and their peers living in the same rural community. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 29(1), 28-34(27). IntroductionLower prevalence rates of allergic diseases in rural as compared with urban populations have been interpreted as indicating an effect of air pollution. However, little is known about other factors of the rural environment which may determine the development of atopic sensitization and related diseases.ObjectiveThe authors tested the hypothesis that children growing up on a farm were less likely to be sensitized to common aerollergens and to suffer from allergic diseases than children living in the same villages but in nonfarming families.Materials and methodsThree age groups of schoolchildren (6-7 years, 9-11 years, 13-15 years) living in three rural communities were included in the analyses. An exhaustive questionnaire was filled in by 1620 (86.0%) parents. A blood sample was provided by 404 (69.3%) of the 13-15 year olds to determine specific IgE antibodies against six common aeroallergens.ResultsFarming as parental occupation was reported for 307 children (19.0%). After adjustment for potential covariates such as family history of asthma and allergies, parental education, number of siblings, maternal smoking, pet ownership, indoor humidity and heating fuels, farming as parental occupation was significantly associated with lower rates of sneezing attacks during pollen season (adjusted OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.12-0.89) and atopic sensitization (adjusted OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.13-0.73) whereas the association with wheeze (adjusted OR 0.77 95% CI 0.38-1.58) and itchy skin rash (adjusted OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.49-1.50) was not statistically significant. The risk of atopic sensitization was lower in children from full-time farmers (adjusted OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.09-0.66) than from part-time farmers (adjusted OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.15-1.96).ConclusionFactors directly or indirectly related to farming as parental occupation decrease the risk of children becoming atopic and developing symptoms of allergic rhintis.

Bryant, C. R., & Ferguson, M. (1982). The rural real estate market: geographic patterns of structure and change in an urban fringe environment. Waterloo, Ont., Canada: Dept. of Geography Faculty of Environmental Studies University of Waterloo. Hd319.o5 b79 1982 333.33/5

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Cannon, T. (2000). China's economic growth: the impact on regions, migration and the environment. New York: St. Martin's Press. Hc427.92.c464695 2000 338.951

Carlson, J. E., Lassey, M. L., & Lassey, W. R. (1981). Rural society and environment in America. New York: McGraw-Hill. Ht421.c28 307.7/2/0973 Ht421.c28

Casper, D. E. (1987). Planning the rural environment in the third world in the 1980's. Monticello, Ill.: Vance Bibliographies. Z7164.a2

Center for International Development and Environment (World Resources Institute), & Kenya. National Environment Secretariat. (1990). Participatory rural appraisal handbook: conducting PRAs in Kenya. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute Center for International Development and Environment. Hn793.z9 Hn793.z9 c665 1990

Chase-Ziolek, M., & Striepe, J. (August 1999). A Comparison of Urban Versus Rural Experiences of Nurses Volunteering to Promote Health in Churches. Public Health Nursing, 16(4), 270-279(210). Recent years have seen a resurgence of the health and healing role of the church. Nurses have been involved in this movement through the development of health ministry and parish nursing with a growing number of nurses volunteering their services to congregations. This program evaluation research study compares two programs (one in an urban environment and the other in a rural environment) that use nurses who volunteer in congregations to promote health and well-being. The study found that the two programs differed significantly with regards to the location where nurses provided care. The urban nurses provided most service at the church, while the rural nurses provided service through home visits and phone calls as well as at the church. The groups were also significantly different in the ethnicity, education, work status, and age of the nurses. Further differences were also found in the type of services the nurses provided; for example, the rural nurses were more involved in case management and practical assistance than their urban peers. The two groups were similar in the program support they valued and in their appreciation of the opportunity to integrate their faith and their nursing practice.

Cherry, G. E., & Rogers, A. W. (1996). Rural change and planning: England and Wales in the twentieth century. London ; New York: E & FN Spon. Qh77.g7 307.72

Colorado., & Colorado. Dept. of Public Health and Environment. Water Quality Control Division. (1984). Guidelines on individual sewage disposal systems: chapter 25, article 10, C.R.S. 1973, (effective 1/1/85). Denver, Colo.: Colorado Dept. of Health Water Quality Control Division. He7/150.6/in2/1984

Commission of the European Communities., & Teagasc. (1989). Intensive farming and the impact on the environment and the rural economy of restrictions on the use of chemical and animal fertilizers: study prepared for the Directorate-General for Agriculture. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 1000 E19 In8f 1000 E19 In8f GOVPUB

Council of Europe. Steering Committee for the Conservation and Management of the Environment and Natural Habitats. (1992). Rehabilitation of natural habitats in rural areas. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Press. Td171.5.e85 Qh77.e8 333.782153094 1000 C33 N219e no.59 1992

Council of Europe., European Conference of Ministers Responsible for Regional Planning., & Slovenia. Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning. (1999). Towards a spatial development strategy for the European continent: perspectives of evolution of rural areas in Europe: report of the seminar. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Pub. Hn380.z9 1000 C33 Eu74rp no.62 1999

Cromley, E. C., & Hudgins, C. L. (1995). Gender, class, and shelter ( 1st ed.). Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. Na705.g36 1995 720/.1/060973 Na705

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Day, L. H., & Ma, H. (1994). Migration and urbanization in China. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. Hb1955.m54 1994 307.2/4176/0951 norst

Dewees, P. A., & NetLibrary Inc. (1993). Trees, land, and labor [vii, 52 p. ;]. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. HC865.Z7 M873 1993eb 333.75/096762 World Bank

Dingwall, G., & Moody, S. R. (1999). Crime and conflict in the countryside. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 364.941 Hv6947

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Echeverria, J. D., & Eby, R. B. (1995). Let the people judge: wise use and the private property rights movement. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Ge180.l48 1995 363.7 scist

Eller, R., Martinez, R., Pace, C., Pavel, M., Garza, H., & Barnett, L. (1998). Rural Access. AACC Project Brief., 18p. The Rural Community College Initiative (RCCI) provides funds and technical assistance to targeted community colleges in an effort to improve educational access and foster economic development in distressed rural areas of the United States. This project brief describes RCCI's attempts to increase access by implementing an approach more holistic than the traditional open-door tactic. Nine RCCI pilot colleges participated in the national demonstration program, which attempted to remove access barriers from postsecondary education. For three years, the colleges were the subjects of field observations, site visits, interviews, focus group discussions, and other quantitative and qualitative data collection activities. Findings revealed that though several different factors influenced which strategies should be implemented, four general approaches appeared to be effective among the nine RCCI pilot colleges: partnerships for transition, alternative delivery systems, academic support services, and holistic approaches to access. However, several areas still need to be addressed: institutional culture, financial resources, welfare reform, gender issues, and racial dynamics. To improve access, emphasis must be placed on the importance of local cultural context, as well as faculty development and student personal growth programs. Contains 14 references and resources. (YKH) ED416936

Enders, W. T., Poston, P. M., & Briggs, R. (1974). Access to essential services in rural/urban environment: a selected interdisciplinary bibliography. Monticello, Ill.,. Z5942

English, J., & NetLibrary Inc. (1994). Land resource management in Machakos District, Kenya, 1930-1990 [xi, 82 p., [3] p. of plates:]. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Hd983.e53 1994 333.76/13/096762 World Bank

Erwin, D. O., Spatz, T. S., Stotts, R. C., & Hollenberg, J. A. (February 1999). Increasing Mammography Practice by African American Women. Cancer Practice, 7(2), 78-85(78). purpose: This study examines the effectiveness of the Witness Project, a culturally competent cancer education program that trains cancer survivors to promote early detection and increased breast self-examination and mammography in a population of rural, underserved, African American women.description of study: The primary setting for the Witness Project-an intensive, community-based, culturally sensitive educational program that incorporates spirituality and faith-was the African American church. Baseline and 6-month follow-up surveys were obtained from 206 African American women in two intervention counties and from 204 African American women in two control counties in the rural Mississippi River Delta region of Arkansas.results: Witness Project participants significantly increased (P <.0001) their practice of breast self-examination and mammography (P <.005) compared with the women in the control counties.clinical implications: These results demonstrate that intensive, community-based, culturally sensitive educational programming incorporating the spiritual environment of the faith community, such as the Witness Project, can positively influence breast cancer screening behaviors among rural, underserved African American women. Through the use of community churches and cancer survivors, breast cancer screening activities can be improved in this population.

European Commission. Directorate General X for Information Communication Culture Audiovisual., European Commission. Directorate-General for Environment Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection., & European Information Association for Urban and Rural Local Development. (1998). Urban forum for sustainable development: European information for cities--an experimental network: the European Unions' information relays. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Hc240.9.e5 1000 E20I Ur1f 1998

European, C., & European Consultative Forum on the Environment and Sustainable Development. (1999). Enlargement and environment: principles and recommendations from the European Consultative Forum on the Environment and Sustainable Development. Luxembourg Lanham, MD: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities ; Bernan Associates [distributor]. Qh77.e9 1000 E20CF En51 1999

Evans, E. E., Buchanan, R. H., Jones, E., & McCourt, D. (1971). Man and his habitat; essays presented to Emyr Estyn Evans. New York,: Barnes & Noble. GF8.M3 1971b 301.3/1 GF8.M3 1971b

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Fagbenle, R. O. (November 2001). National renewable energy policy objectives and programmes in Botswana. Renewable Energy, 24(3), 419-437(419). Government policy objectives and their implications for the development of new and renewable energy resources are examined. Renewable energy resources of major importance in Botswana are biomass, solar, and wind. Government policy and programmes, and the effects of regional and international developments in these aspects of renewable energy are considered in detail. Woody biomass exploitation and issues of sustainability of harvesting rates and the environment are also discussed. The place of renewable energy within the long established and well developed rural electrification programme is also examined, and a case for a comprehensive and separate rural energy policy is made. Research and Development as well as Demonstration, Dissemination, and Diffusion of renewable energy technologies are discussed, particularly in relation to energy technology acquisition, adaptation, education and job creation.

Field, D. R., & Burch, W. R. (1988). Rural sociology and the environment. New York: Greenwood Press. Ht421.f47 1988 307.7/2 Ht421.f47 1988

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1994). The Road from Rio: moving forward in forestry. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Sd387.s87 1000 F17 R531r 1994 govin

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., & International Program for Technology Research in Irrigation and Drainage. (1997). Irrigation technology transfer in support of food security: proceedings of a subregional workshop, Harare, Zimbabwe, 14-17 April 1997. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Hd1741.a35 631.587096 1000 F17 W297r no.14 1997

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Gandy, R. S. (1933). A comparison of certain social experiences of third grade urban and rural children., [Gazette print shop], Cape May Court House, N.J. 151.2

Gibson, C. C., McKean, M. A., & Ostrom, E. (2000). People and forests: communities, institutions, and governance. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Sd387.s55 p46 2000 333.75

Ginsburg, N. S., Koppel, B., McGee, T. G., & East-West Environment and Policy Institute (Honolulu Hawaii). (1991). The Extended metropolis: settlement transition in Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Ht334.a8 e96 1991 307.76/095 Ht334.a8 e96 1991

Giorgis, S., & Council of Europe. Steering Committee for the Conservation and Management of the Environment and Natural Habitats. (1995). Rural landscapes in Europe: principles for creation and management. Strasbourg Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Council of Europe ; Manhattan Pub. Co. [dist.]. Qh77.e9 333.76094 1000 C33 P694ms no.3 1995

Goetz, S. J. (2000). Rural Development Issues in the Northeast: 2000-2005. Working Paper., Figures may not reproduce adequately. Page Length: 19. This paper examines social and economic forces affecting rural areas at the beginning of the 21st century and lists potential strategies to cope with those concerns. Rural development is necessary to place rural and urban areas on a more equal footing, compensate for the youth "brain drain," preserve the retirement-option value, relieve urban congestion and achieve optimal population distribution, accommodate rural living preferences, bring jobs to rural people, protect family farms, and assist the 12 percent of the Northeast population that is not participating in the current economic boom. Rural development trends and concerns include the widening rural-to-urban income gap, the increasing pressure on natural resources from urban sprawl and other land uses, and the challenges to small units of local government presented by federal devolution. Current and emerging actionable rural development issues facing the Northeast are grouped into three broad categories: community economic and social development, environmental issues, and local governance and the development of community leaders. Subdivisions of these categories related to educational needs, entrepreneurship, leadership development, and the links between environmental quality and economic growth are presented in question form, and readers are asked to identify the single most important issue that the Northeast Regional Center for Rural Development should address and what, specifically, the Center should do to address this issue. (TD) ED447988

Granfelt, T. (1999). Managing the globalized environment: local strategies to secure livelihoods. London: Intermediate Technology Publications. Ge300.m36 1999 Ge300

Grant, D. F., & Others, A. (Jul 1995). Cases of Rural Gifted College Females: Socialization Barriers and Career Choices., 15pp. Paper presented at the National Career Development Association Conference (San Francisco, CA, July 5-9, 1995). Gifted females have less frequently sought high-prestige and high-income careers due to a number of barriers. Some barriers are related to society's expectations of women, and others are related to the workplace itself. The most limiting and pervasive barrier is "sex role socialization's impact on the child's developing self-belief system" (Hollinger, 1991). This questionnaire study examines seven female adolescent college students (three African-Americans, and four Caucasians) identified as gifted in elementary school. The subjects participated in gifted and Advanced Placement programs for an average of six years in rural Georgia. For the most part, the gifted females in this study did not articulate marriage and family plans as influences on their choices of major or career aspirations, but the influence is evident. It is also notable that all participants in the study plan to be employed as adults and generally expect to be in partnership relationships where tasks within the home are shared with their partners. Finally, although none of the participants had to limit their career aspirations due to a lack of mathematics or science preparation, their dislike for mathematics did limit their career aspirations. Further investigation of these findings is recommended to understand their significance. Two tables present participants' pre-college influences and current status. The National Career Development Association (NCDA) questionnaire is appended. Contains 10 references. (KW) ED387730

Grant, J., Ramsay, A., & Bain, J. (August 1997). Medical Education, 31(5), 364-368(365). The first year experience of an innovative experiment in undergraduate medical education is described. The study investigated the educational effectiveness of prolonged clinical attachments for medical undergraduates in community hospital-based general practice. It has also assessed the ability of students to take some responsibility for their own learning in a clinically challenging environment. A retrospective evaluation of the experience obtained during the 3 month attachments for a self-selected group of fourth year Dundee medical school undergraduates was made. These undergraduates were placed in 10 mainly rural Scottish general practices with attached community hospitals providing a wide spectrum of inpatient and outpatient medical and surgical care. Students were assessed on the satisfactory completion of a portfolio of learning experiences and a practical clinical skills list. They were also required to submit a clinical project based on some aspect of their work during the attachment. The initial results showed a high degree of student and tutor satisfaction with the attachments. The assessment of all 10 of the students' educational achievements in their attachment were regarded as satisfactory and two were assessed as outstanding. Tutor assessment confirmed the validity of the initiative. Prolonged attachments in community hospital-based general practice for medical undergraduates have proved educationally valid and popular with both students and tutors. The development and dissemination of this model on a wider scale has resource issues which require to be addressed.

Greed, C. (1999). Social town planning. London ; New York: Routledge. Ht169.g7 s64 1999 307.1/216/0941

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Hallam, A. (1993). Size, structure, and the changing face of American agriculture. Boulder: Westview Press. Hd1470.5.u6 s59 1993 338.1/6 norst

Halmos, P., & Albrow, M. (1972). Hungarian sociological studies. [Keele, Eng.]: University of Keele. HM15.S545 no. 17 HM15.S545 no. 17 HN418.H9 301/.08 s 301/.09439

Hardoy, J. E., Mitlin, D., & Satterthwaite, D. (1992). Environmental problems in Third World cities. London: Earthscan. Ge190.d44 h37 1992 363.7/009172/4

Hardy, D., & Ward, C. (1984). Arcadia for all: the legacy of a makeshift landscape. London ; New York: Mansell. Hd7334.a3 Hd7334.a3 h37 1984 artarc HD7334.A3 H37 1984 c.2

Harmon, H. (1997). Rural Schools in a Global Economy. The School administrator, 54(9), 32.

Harper, S. (1993). The Greening of rural policy: international perspectives. London ; New York New York: Belhaven Press ; Co-published in the Americas by Halstead Press. Hn49.c6 g74 1993 307.1/412

Hautecoeur, J.-P. (1994). Opening Reflections: Literacy in Rural AreasOrientations for Action Research., 21pp. In: Alpha 94: Literacy and Cultural Development Strategies in Rural Areas; see RC 020 235. This chapter addresses the role of action research in projects that link literacy education and cultural action in peripheral rural areas. These programs aim to improve the living conditions of a population without destroying its cultural heritage or way of life. Action research begins with three broad questions: In what terms do local people pose questions of development, change, preservation, and revitalization of their cultural heritage? By what means other than individuals' linguistic competence or school performance can literacy facts and issues be interpreted? Finally, what plans have local individuals, groups, and communities formulated to resist the destructuring of their community? Variables common to literacy education and the cultural context include the infrastructure of communication, the written culture, and social organization and cultural policies (including education). Literacy education should reflect diversity, complexity, and even conflicting cultural backgrounds and should demonstrate how differing cultures can connect, instead of enforcing linguistic unity as a means of access to "normality." Action research in literacy education centers on the quest for knowledge, action focused on social change, and education focused on the development of new relationships. The process of cultural action research is rooted in the community and is only possible with the participation of persons who have practical knowledge of the local culture. The outcome of this action research is a common cultural capital, a process of collective cultural development measured not by individuals' instrumental abilities but by improvement in local living conditions and cultural preservation. (LP) ED386344

Hawkes, J. G. (1978). Conservation and agriculture. Montclair, N.J.: Allanheld: distribution Universe Books. S912.c66 1978 333.7/6 S912.c66 1978 scienc

Healy, R. G. (1985). Competition for land in the American South: agriculture, human settlement, and the environment. Washington, D.C.: Conservation Foundation. Hd266.a13

Heise, D. A., Comp. (Sep 1995). Journals Significant to Rural Development Received at the National Agricultural Library. Rural Information Center Publication Series, No. 48. Revised Edition., 33p. This directory lists 227 journals in the National Agricultural Library's (NAL) collection that are related to social and economic aspects of rural development. The directory includes both United States and international journals. Each citation includes title, NAL call number, NAL holdings information, the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN), publisher, frequency of publication, and an indication of whether the journal is indexed in the NAL database AGRICOLA. Journals focus on issues related to rural development, rural economics, rural education, agriculture, extension services, rural areas, human services, environmental economics, health care, public policy, agribusiness, human resources, rural sociology, social problems, community development, and rural reconstruction. The directory also provides information on the Rural Information Center, a joint project of NAL and the Extension Service; document delivery services to individuals; and electronic access for interlibrary loan requests. (LP) ED401053

Hembra, R. L., & United States. General Accounting Office. (1993). Superfund, EPA could do more to reduce responsible parties' legal expenses statement of Richard L. Hembra, Director, Environmental Protection Issues, Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division, before the Subcommittee on Development of Rural Enterprises, Exports and the Environment, Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives. [Washington, D.C.]

Herfindahl, O. C., & Kneese, A. V. (1965). Quality of the environment: an economic approach to some problems in using land, water, and air. Washington,: Resources for the Future; distributed by Johns Hopkins Press Baltimore. Td153 TD153 H46 c.1 ENGINE TD153 H46 c.2 ENGINE TD153 H46 c.3 ENGINE TD153 H46 c.4 ENGINE

Heyzer, N., Riker, J. V., & Quizon, A. B. (1995). Government-NGO relations in Asia: prospects and challenges for people-centred development. Kuala Lumpur Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Asian and Pacific Development Centre ; Macmillan Press ; St. Martin's Press. Hc412.g63 1995 338.95 norst

Hobbs, B. B. C., Joyce I. What Are the School-Age Child Care Needs of Families in Rural Communities?, 11pp. Paper presented at the annual Conference of the National Council on Family Relations (Portland, OR, November 15-18, 1995).. During 1994 and 1995, the Commissions on Children and Families in six rural Oregon counties joined with local elementary schools and the Oregon State University Extension Service to conduct surveys to determine the school-age child care needs of local families. Data were collected and analyzed, and individual reports were prepared by county. The present study used the aggregated data to gain a broader sense of how families in rural counties define their school-age child-care needs. Results identified the after-school arrangements used most often, problems encountered with child care; self-care topics that parents felt children needed more information on, and when parents felt care was needed. In addition, the survey data identified four major school-age child care issues: (1) the need for care; (2) the impact child care problems have on parents' job performance; (3) the need for affordable care, particularly for single-parent families and families with more than one child; and (4) quality of care. Older school-age youth and family day care providers were identified as two major sources of care but both groups need adequate training and support to ensure safe, quality care. The survey results also indicated that families' needs for school-age care vary, and thus, no single approach will meet the family's requirements and preferences. Based on the results, it was concluded that the needs for care are as relevant for families in rural communities as they are for families in heavily populated areas. (WJC)

Hoppe, R. A., Bluestone, H., Getz, V. K., & United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. (1986). Social and economic environment of black farmers. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. A 93.41:61

Howley, C. B., & Howley, A. A. (October 28, 1999). Rural as Context., Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Studies Association (Detroit, MI, October 1999). This essay explains two ways in which "the rural" serves as context. The common way interprets the rural lifeworld as an impediment to certain projects and goals, thus framing "the rural" as a subjugated and diminished reality. The other way is called "the rural circumstance" in order to situate the rural lifeworld as a center of attention, not as something to get rid of. This focus reverses the implied agency so that cultivation of the purposes and commitments of such a lifeworld becomes the object of care. The argument draws on the work of Raymond Williams and Jurgen Habermas. Habermas proposes that institutions of capital "suck meaning" from the lifeworldactual life-spaces of people, rural and otherwise. For Williams, it is essential for those who care about rural places to imagine decent rural futures for them, i.e., to reconstruct and fashion new "rural" meanings. These decent futures would diverge sharply from those imagined from the cosmopolitan perspectives that dominate global firms, universities, and agencies of national will. Such decent futures would reflect a sensibility of place and community, but also struggle for economic justice and the common good. This essay contrasts some educational purposes that come from rural lifeworlds with those that are purveyed in rural schools from the cosmopolitan center, and addresses the issue of what might be "properly" rural. The question, however, is slippery. To imagine "rural" rural futures, it is important to consider many competing answers to the question, "What is properly rural?" (Contains 16 references.) (Author/SV) ED435519

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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Canadian Region. (1987). Conference proceedings ( Vol. 1987-). New York, N.Y.: Ieee. Tk7801

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Jager, B. K. (1999). Educational Services for Students with Visual Impairment in Rural Communities: Myths and Realities., In: Rural Special Education for the New Millennium. Conference Proceedings of the American Council on Rural Special Education (ACRES) (19th, Albuquerque, New Mexico, March 25-27, 1999); see RC 021 888. Page Length: 7. This paper provides background information on the nature of rural communities and examines factors that influence educational services for students with visual impairments in these communities. Characteristics that are most often mentioned in defining rural areas are lack of public transportation, distance from a metropolitan area, size of nearest city, density of population, and environmental features such as lack of sidewalks. Rural communities demonstrate vast differences in topography and population density, ranging from isolated Alaskan bush villages to clusters of small towns in New England. Factors that influence educational services to visually impaired rural students include: (1) difficulties in recruitment and retention of teachers; (2) isolation of teachers and related stress; (3) lack of environments appropriate to teaching mobility concepts; (4) school district efforts to meet student needs; and (5) isolation of the student with visual impairment. Rural areas may lack preservice and inservice opportunities for teachers; salaries may be low; and teachers may not be prepared for a rural environment. Technological advances such as e-mail and cellular telephone service may aid in reducing teacher isolation. Various practices are described by which rural school districts try to meet the needs of their few visually impaired students. Contains 25 references. (CDS) ED429786

Jakle, J. A., & Wilson, D. (1992). Derelict landscapes: the wasting of America's built environment. Savage, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. Ht175.j35 1992 307.3/416/0973

Johnson, N. B. (1985). West Haven, classroom culture and society in a rural elementary school. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Lc5146 Lc5146.j64 1985

Johnson-Kwartler, P. (1998). Early Childhood Education Student Teachers' Pedagogical Perspectives: Rural Socialization and Professional Growth., 16pp. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (San Diego, CA, April 13-17, 1998). The literature on teaching does not include the perspectives of the student teacher in learning to teach, particularly in rural contexts. This study explored the development of two early childhood education student teachers' pedagogical perspectives, with respect to enactment of curriculum in two rural contexts. Two case studies illustrate the phenomenological experience and meaning-making of each student teacher. The case studies were compared and contrasted with aspects of rural socialization and seven theories of a teacher's personal growth. The study identified conventional wisdom, cultural myths, and beliefs about the context of student teaching. Two significant findings that emerged from the experiences were that the two student teachers: (1) tend to reflect "rural socialization" that contradicts their spoken progressive ideology; and (2) "professional growth" was limited due to energy spent decoding the perceived power of the classroom context which was more urgent than decoding the cultural context or needs of the children. The study method reflects the view that pedagogy is a way of being, rather than an assembly of technical products. The findings pose implications for both teacher education and future research. (JPB) ED420422

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Kahle, J. B., & Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.). (1989). SCORES, Science Career Options for Rural Environment Students final report. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Education Office of Educational Research and Improvement Educational Resources Information Center. Ed 1.310/2:331694

Keefe, S. E. (1988). Appalachian mental health. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky. Rc451.4.r87 a67 1988 362.2/042/0974 Rc451.4.r87 a67 1988 scienc

Kelly, I. (1998). Education and training requirements for regional tourism operators. Australian Journal of Hospitality Management, 5(2), 3-4(2). Reports a survey of members of tourism associations in a rural area near Melbourne, Australia, which experiences high youth unemployment and poverty partly exacerbated by restrictive planning policies aimed at protecting the natural environment, to assess their perceptions of the education and training needs of tourism operators in the area; details the methodology and the results, finding that marketing, computing and networking training is most in demand, although skill requirements are low among the majority of staff, with personal attributes most important. Offers recommendations for local educational institutions on what provision to make the industry, and suggests that the survey could provide a useful tool for other regions seeking to identify training needs.

Kikula, I. S. (1997). Policy implications on environment: the case of villagisation in Tanzania. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute. Hd987.z7 k55 1997

Kilpatrick, S. B., Rowena. (1998). Vocational Education and Training in Rural and Remote Australia. Review of Research. Non-metropolitan Australia is diverse in terms of population density, educational experiences of the population, and the occupations and industries it supports. Rural adults are less likely to have post-school qualifications and work in manufacturing, property and business services, or finance and insurance. They are more likely to be older, have left school early, be unemployed, work in small business, be laborers, and work in agriculture, forestry and fishing, mining, construction, or tourism. Training outcome issues include lower participation by those with lower educational levels and a preference for informal learning and nonformal education. The following factors may contribute to differences in participation rates: access, equity, and participation issues concern previous educational experience; travel cost and distance; availability of work placements; access to information and communications technology; relevance of training; and marketing of vocational education and training (VET). Among the issues related to curriculum, delivery, and assessment are the following: programs tailored to the needs of rural and remote clients; methods of training brokerage between local communities and enterprises and training providers; needs for training beyond areas represented by local employment; the need for flexible yet effective alternatives for delivering VET to small, scattered client groups; staff development, support, and retention in remote areas; and appropriate performance measures for VET in rural and remote Australia. Seven issues identified for VET in non- metropolitan Australia and further research questions related to each issue have been identified. (Contains 85 references.) (YLB)

Kilpelainen, M., Terho, E. O., Helenius, H., & Koskenvuo, M. (February 2000). Farm environment in childhood prevents the development of allergies. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 30(2), 201-208(208). BackgroundA protective effect of infections in early life might explain the firmly reported finding of an inverse association between atopic disorders and large sibships.ObjectiveTo study the effect of childhood farm, rural non-farm and urban environment, as well as family size and other factors on the occurrence of asthma, wheezing and atopic disorders up to young adulthood.MethodsData on lifetime prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma, allergic rhinitis and/or allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, as well as self-reported episodic wheezing from 10 667 Finnish first-year university students aged 18-24 years were collected by a postal questionnaire. Associations of lifetime prevalence of the diseases with living on a farm, in a rural non-farm and urban environment during childhood were estimated by logistic regression analysis. Adjustment was made for potential confounding by gender, parental atopy, parental education, number of older siblings, day care outside the home and passive smoking.ResultsThe childhood farm environment independently reduced the risk for physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis and/or allergic conjunctivitis (adjusted odds ratio 0.63, 95% CI 0.50-0.79, P < 0.001), and for diagnosed asthma and episodic wheezing analysed together (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.54-0.93, P < 0.05), but not for atopic dermatitis during lifetime. Urban childhood environment did not show independent increased risk when compared with rural non-farm residence. The inverse association of sibship size with the occurrence of allergic rhinitis and/or allergic conjunctivitis was found among subjects with one (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77-0.96, P < 0.01) or at least four older siblings (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.26-0.84, P < 0.05).ConclusionChildhood farm environment seems to have a protective effect against allergic rhinitis and/or conjunctivitis, and more weakly against asthma and wheezing irrespective of family size. Environmental exposure to immune modulating agents, such as environmental mycobacteria and actinomycetes, favouring manifestation of a nonatopic phenotype could explain the finding.

Kongjian, Y. (June 1995). Cultural variations in landscape preference: comparisons among Chinese sub-groups and Western design experts. Landscape and Urban Planning, 32(2), 107-126(120). Twenty-eight Chinese groups (landscape architects, landscape horticulturists, college students, male and female middle school students, male and female rural and urban primary school students, workers and farmers) and one Western expert group (Harvard design graduate students) were invited to rate 50 scenes from a Chinese national park. Correlation and factor analyses were used to investigate the general relationship among these groups. Overlapped scattergrams were used to specify cross-cultural and sub-cultural variance based on preference levels of individual scenes. As expected, landscape preference is significantly influenced by the cultural backgrounds of the subjects, though different cultural factors vary in their weight on such influence, and these influences are related to landscape types. Findings from this study point towards the following conclusions. (1) Living environment (urban vs. rural) is a powerful predictor of variance in landscape preference, and high preference among rural subjects for novelty and modernity (tourism service scenes) can be explained by their lack of experience with such landscapes and their utilitarian interest. (2) General education level instead of landscape expertise, combined with environmental experience, can significantly influence landscape preference. (3) The influences of macro-cultural difference (Chinese vs. Westerners), and of expertise education in landscape (experts vs. public), are unexpectedly very weak, and their influence on landscape preference could be overridden by the two factors above (living environment and general education level). However, for some specific Chinese landscapes, macro-cultural differences do occur because the 'foreigners' lack the knowledge of cultural meanings embodied in the landscapes. Experts (both Chinese and Westerners) do show their unique preferences in some specific cases, such as their extreme negative reaction to tourism services and extreme positive reaction to water and rocky scenes in cold and foggy weather. (4) Utilitarian interest can greatly bias landscape preference. Farmers' interest in agricultural production and daily farm work may contribute to their negative reaction to water-dominated and misty rocky scenes in bad weather. (5) Sex has no significant influence on landscape preference, although some difference on specific landscapes (the water-dominated scenes) appears in some cases. (6) Last but not least, this research suggests that most previous findings based on Westerners' landscape preference correlate well with those of reasonably well-educated or highly educated urban Chinese, but not with those of the less well-educated rural Chinese.

Kosberg, J. I., & Kaye, L. W. (1997). Elderly men: special problems and professional challenges. New York: Springer Pub. Hq1064.u5 e425 1997 305.26

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Lawrence, B. K. (1998 Length: 464 Page(s); 5 Microfiche). Working Memory: The Influence of Culture on Aspirations., Ph.D. Dissertation, Boston University Dissertation of the Year, 1998, National Rural Education Association. Photographs and figures may not reproduce clearly. There is an immense gap between the success that Maine's elementary school children achieve on national tests and the rate at which they go on to postsecondary education. This gap is not explained by Maine's low per capita income. Maine's homogeneous population created a culture valuing hard work, independence, pragmatism, family, community, tolerance of eccentricity, and love of the land, yet displaying characteristics of "peasant" society such as fatalism, pettiness, and insularity. Children are taught to respect adults, work hard, and graduate from high school, but the culture does not value postsecondary education. The state's history also impacts its educational system. Into the economic void resulting from the Civil War came paying guests searching for a romantic vision of Maine. Some visitors had different values and made local people serving them feel inferior, a pattern that continues. This dissertation examines the influence of culture and individual and collective histories on academic aspirations through an ethnographic case study of the small town of Tremont on Mount Desert Island, a resort area of rural Maine. Chapters discuss (1) research methods; (2) the development of self and aspirations; (3) the culture and history of Tremont, Maine, and the conflict between native and dominant cultures; (4) the history of Maine; (5) a portrait of Tremont; (6) schooling on Mount Desert Island; (7) the Tremont community and elementary school; (8) students' transition to the consolidated high school; (9) interviews about factors that influence student decisions about postsecondary education; and (10) conclusions and parallels to other rural experiences. An epilogue offers suggestions that build on the strengths of Tremont's people. Appendices describe the Student Aspirations Survey and present survey results. Contains tables, figures, charts, photographs, and 189 references. (Author/TD) ED430765

Lee, D. R., & Barrett, C. B. (2001). Tradeoffs or synergies?: agricultural intensification, economic development, and the environment. Wallingford, Oxon, UK ; New York, NY: CABI Pub. S482.t72 2001 338.1/6/091724

Lowe, P., Marsden, T., & Whatmore, S. (1990). Technological change and the rural environment. London: D. Fulton Publishers. S494.5.i5 t435 1990 363.73/1

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Madsen, S. T. (1999). State, society and the environment in South Asia. Richmond, Surrey [England]: Curzon. Ge190.s64 s827 1999

Malin, J. C., & Swierenga, R. P. (1984). History & ecology: studies of the Grassland. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Gf504.w35 m34 1984 333.74/0978 Gf504.w35 m34 1984

Martinez, P. J., Luengo, M., Alcazar, C., Moreno, L., Pasan, M., & Santamaria, J. (September 2000). Infectious diseases. Immunoresponse to routine hepatitis B vaccination in pre-adolescents in the province of Guadalajara, Spain. European Journal of Public Health, 10(3), 168-170(163). Background. Although hepatitis B vaccine has been available in Spain since 1986, acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infection remains a public health problem. The comprehensive national strategy to prevent hepatitis B virus transmission includes hepatitis B vaccination of pre-adolescents. Our objective was to investigate the immunoresponse to routine hepatitis B vaccination in pre-adolescents in the province of Guadalajara and to study the relationship between the immunoresponse and other variables such as height, weight, Quetelet index, sex and home environment (rural or urban).Method. We considered a cross-sectional descriptive study in the school population of eighth year primary education. Hepatitis B recombinant vaccine immunoresponsiveness was studied in 338 students vaccinated with a 0, 1 and 6 months vaccination schedule. Anti-hepatitis B post-vaccination titres were quantified considering levels of protection 10 Ul l-1.Results. The seroprotection rate was 97.6%. The response of more than 46% of the children was very satisfactory and their anti-hepatitis B post-vaccination titres exceeded 1000 Ul l-1. No statistically significant differences could be found between sexes. The relation study between anti-hepatitis B post-vaccination levels and Quetelet index showed a statistically significant inverse correlation (p<0.001).Conclusion. Obesity is a predictor of poor immunoresponse and this response is not influenced by sex. We consider the seroprotection that this vaccine offers to pre-adolescents to be excellent.

McAllister, E. A., Hildebrand, J. M., & Ericson, J. H. (2000). People Around Us. Language Arts Theme Units, Volume V. Cross Curricular Activities for Primary Grades., For other volumes in this series, see ED 428 393-395. Suggesting that students in the primary grades can explore the world around them and practice valuable skills in spelling, reading, writing, communication, and language, this book presents cross-curricular units on "people around us" that reach diverse needs by working through emotional memory, deductive reasoning, and multiple intelligences. Features of the book include: ready-to-use activities; sample reading texts; group demonstrations; and classroom-tested teaching suggestions. Each unit includes an introductory narrative, advice on using the theme, related language arts and extension activities, a list of trade books, and class activities. The first unit, "Many Different Families," addresses different kinds of family groups and homes. The second unit, "Safari Down My Street," emphasizes positive things about living in big cities. The third unit, "Country Cousin," focuses on life on the farm. Appendixes contain advice on setting up and running a learning center; advice on how to make and use bulletin boards and file folders; a 47-item glossary; instructions on how to make a book; and 10 teacher resources. (RS) ED436774

McCarthy, M. A., & Horn, E. M. (1996). An Examination of Moral Development in Specific Subpopulations., 12pp. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (New York, NY, April 8-12, 1996). This paper reports on a study to investigate measurement of moral reasoning with respect to age. Additional potential influencing factors, including ethnicity, gender, and influence of early environmental factors, also have been included for analysis in this study. Twenty-seven nontraditional students participating in a new student orientation program formed the sample for the study. The measurement of moral judgment is based upon reasons that individuals offer for decisions related to fair behaviors. Comparison of results from this study to the normative sample suggest that the experience gained in a postsecondary environment significantly impacts the overall level of moral development. In this study, global mean scores did not significantly differ with respect to gender. Preliminary results suggest that living in a rural environment may impede the progress of moral reasoning. Further research is suggested among this emerging majority of students who could provide valuable support for improvement of a more integrated educational curriculum emphasizing tolerance and respect for individuals within an increasingly global society. Contains 18 references. (EH) ED407296

McClure, C. R., & Others, A. (15 Feb 1994). The Project GAIN Report: Connecting Rural Public Libraries to the Internet., 103p. This study examined what would happen when rural librarians were given the tools and training to use networked information resources. Project GAIN demonstrates the effectiveness of linking rural communities to the Internet. Through the local library, six rural communities in New York were connected to a regional network (NYSERNet) and through NYSERNet to the Internet. The objectives of the study were to connect selected library sites to the Internet; to provide training and support necessary for participants to demonstrate competence in using the Internet tools; to educate participants as to the resources of the Internet and how to do resource discovery on their own; to integrate the utilization of the Internet into basic activities and programming of the library; and to explore whether the Internet is a useful resource for rural libraries. Based on these objectives, Project GAIN was successful. The results of this study indicate that rural libraries do profit from such an approach if given the chance and support. It also suggests that rural public libraries must get connected to the Internet if they are to be a key player in the evolving National Information Infrastructure. (Contains 22 references and the survey instruments.) (JLB) ED369409

Mendelowitz, A. I., & United States. General Accounting Office. (1993). Export promotion governmentwide plan contributes to improvements: statement of Allan I. Mendelowitz, Managing Director, International Trade, Finance, and Competitiveness, General Government Division, before the Subcommittee on Rural Enterprises, Exports, and the Environment, Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives. [Washington, D.C.] [Gaithersburg, MD] (P.O. Box 6015, Gaithersburg 20884-6015): The Office ; The Office [distributor. Ga 1.5/2:t-ggd-94-35

Mendelowitz, A. I., & United States. General Accounting Office. (1993). Export promotion improving small businesses' access to Federal programs: statement of Allan I. Mendelowitz, Director, International Trade, Finance, and Competitiveness Issues, General Government Division, before the Subcommittee on the Development of Rural Enterprise, Exports, and the Environment, Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives. [Washington, D.C.] [Gaithersburg, MD] (P.O. Box 6015, Gaithersburg 20884-6015): The Office ; [The Office distributor. Ga 1.5/2:t-ggd-93-22

Mendelowitz, A. I., & United States. General Accounting Office. (1993). Export promotion strategic plan will it be a vehicle for change?: statement of Allen I. Mendelowitz, Director International Trade, Finance and Competitiveness, General Government Division, before the Subcommittee on Rural Enterprises, Exports, and the Environment, Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives. [Washington, D.C.] [Gaithersburg, MD] (P.O. Box 6015, Gaithersburg 20884-6015): The Office ; The Office [distributor. Ga 1.5/2:t-ggd-93-43

Milton, K. (1993). Environmentalism: the view from anthropology. London ; New York: Routledge. Gf41.e55 1993 304.2

Montanari, A., & Williams, A. M. (1995). European tourism: regions, spaces, and restructuring. Chichester, England ; New York, N.Y.: J. Wiley. G155.e8 e976 1995 338.4/791404/559

Muir, K., Bojö, J., Cunliffe, R. N., & World Bank. Environment Dept. (1994). Economic policy, wildlife and land use in Zimbabwe. [Washington, D.C.]: World Bank. 1000 I51 ENV En85wp no.68 1994

Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory., Abeles, T. P., & Oasis 2000. (1978). Energy and economic assessment of anaerobic digesters and biofuels for rural waste management. Cincinnati, Ohio Springfield, Va.: Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory ; for sale by the National Technical Information Service. Ep 1.23/8:600/7-78-174

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Henry, J., Wiseman, H. M., International Program on Chemical Safety., World Health Organization., United Nations Environment Programme., & International Labour Organisation. (1997). Management of poisoning: a handbook for health care workers. Geneva: Who. Ra1224.5.h46 1997 615.9/08 1000 W66 IPCS M311ph 1997

Nagendran, S., Moores, D., Spooner, R., & Triscott, J. (10 August 2000). Is telemedicine a subset of medical informatics? Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 6(4), 50-51(52). Summary Informatics has a key characteristic of a new discipline in a technically transient environment-there is no universal definition of it. This is not surprising, given its complex and diverse nature. In a broad sense informatics is the interface between developing technologies and the decision sciences, in particular clinical sciences. Telemedicine has no universally accepted definition either. Telemedicine requires the use of electronic communication networks for the transmission of information and data related to the diagnosis and treatment of, as well as education about, medical conditions. The debate ensues over whether it is or is not a subset of medical informatics. The care of the elderly diploma programme is a telemedicine project within the department of family medicine at the University of Alberta; it is a distance learning programme directed towards educating and training physicians in rural Alberta. This project provided us with the practical experience of addressing both informatics and telemedicine issues jointly.

Nash, R. C., Oklahoma State University., & National Committee for Children and Youth. (1965). Rural youth in a changing environment: report. Washington: National Committee for Children and Youth. Ht453

National Fertilizer Development Center (U.S.), Tennessee Valley Authority., S-95 Regional Research Technical Committee., & Southern Rural Development Center. (1976). Quality housing environment for rural low-income families: September 11-13, 1975, Caban*a Motor Hotel, 870 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30381. [Muscle Shoals, Ala.: Tennessee Valley Authority National Fertilizer Development Center]. S631.U48 no. 102 631.8/1/08 s 301.5/4 Y 3.t 25:3-2/y-102

National Fertilizer Development Center (U.S.). (1980). Means of improving rural housing: recommendations of the second Workshop, Quality Housing Environment for Rural Low-Income Families. Muscle Shoals, Ala.: National Fertilizer Development Center Tennessee Valley Authority. Y 3.t 25:3-2/y-154

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Agriculture and the Environment. (1974). Productive agriculture & a quality environment: food production, living, recreation, the rural-urban interface. Washington,: National Academy of Sciences. S601 S601. n35 1974 scienc

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics. (1993). Sustainable agriculture and the environment in the humid tropics. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. S481.n38 1993 333.76/15/0913

NetLibrary Inc. (1994). Legal provision in the rural environment legal services, criminal justice and welfare provision in rural areas [viii, 144 p.:]. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 338.473441 University of Wales Press

NetLibrary Inc. (2000). Heritage, the arts and the environment pricing the priceless. Boulder, Colo.: NetLibrary Inc. K8.u5 2000 338.521 NetLibrary Inc.

NetLibrary Inc. (2000). Rural development, natural resources, and the environment lessons of experience in Eastern Europe and Central Asia [vii, 125 p.:]. Washington, DC: World Bank. Hd1920.7.r87 2000 338.1/0947 World Bank

NetLibrary Inc., & World Bank. (1998). Agriculture and the environment perspectives on sustainable rural development [xiv, 383 p.:]. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. S589.76.d44 a48 1998 338.1 World Bank

Ng'ang'a, L. W., Odhiambo, J. A., Mungai, M. W., Gicheha, C. M., Nderitu, P., Maingi, B., Macklem, P. T., & Becklake, M. R. (November 1998). Prevalence of exercise induced bronchospasm in Kenyan school children: an urban-rural comparison. THORAX, 53(11), 919-926(918). Background Higher rates of exercise induced bronchospasm (EIB) have been reported for urban than for rural African schoolchildren. The change from a traditional to a westernised lifestyle has been implicated. This study was undertaken to examine the impact of various features of urban living on the prevalence of EIB in Kenyan school children. Methods A total of 1226 children aged 8-17 years attending grade 4 at five randomly selected schools in Nairobi (urban) and five in Muranga district (rural) underwent an exercise challenge test. A respiratory health and home environment questionnaire was also administered to parents/guardians. This report is limited to 1071 children aged 12 years. Prevalence rates of EIB for the two areas were compared and the differences analysed to model the respective contributions of personal characteristics, host and environmental factors implicated in childhood asthma. Results A fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1) after exercise of 10% occurred in 22.9% of urban children and 13.2% of rural children (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.41 to 2.71). The OR decreased to 1.65 (95% CI 1.10 to 2.47) after accounting for age, sex, and host factors (a family history of asthma and breast feeding for less than six months), and to 1.21 (95% CI 0.69 to 2.11) after further adjustment for environmental factors (parental education, use of biomass fuel and kerosene for cooking, and exposure to motor vehicle fumes). Conclusions The EIB rates in this study are higher than any other reported for African children, even using more rigorous criteria for EIB. The study findings support a view which is gaining increasing credence that the increase in prevalence of childhood asthma associated with urbanisation is the consequence of various harmful environmental exposures acting on increasingly susceptible populations.

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OECD, O. f. E. C.-o. a. D. (November 2000). Basic Science and Technology Indicators - Government Expenditure on Research and Development by Sector of Performance and Socio-economic Objective (Table 4) Vol 2001 Release 01. SourceOECD Science and Technology Database, 1(1). This table contains research and development (RandD) expenditure statistics. Data include gross domestic RandD expenditure by sector (business enterprise, government, higher education, private non-profit, and total intramural) and by socio-economic objective, such as agriculture, forestry and fishing; industrial development; energy, transport and telecommunications; urban and rural planning; science and technology (ST) infrastructure; prevention, identification and treatment of pollution; ST environment; health; social development and services; earth and atmosphere; advancement of research; general university funds; ST advancement of knowledge; civil space; and defence.YEARS COVERED: 1981 onwardCOUNTRIES COVERED: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States

Oliver, B. E. (4 Oct 1996). Community Relationships: The Key to School Success. (An Interview with Elaine Griffin, National Teacher of the Year.), 13pp. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Mid-West Educational Research Association (Chicago, IL, October 4, 1996). The 1995 National Teacher of the Year, Elaine Griffin, teaches on Kodiak Island, Alaska. Her experiences reinforce her belief in the importance of strong school- community ties and close relationships between teachers and families. Shared staffing in this remote rural environment has allowed the teachers time away for travel and other experiences. Griffin stresses the need for beginning teachers to understand the importance of the family and to show empathy for the family, thus strengthening the family unit at a time when its stability is threatened. This empathy also allows beginning teachers to understand what is meaningful in the life of their students and to show students how education can allow them to further those things that are already meaningful to them. Community relationships are most important in creating an unbreakable bond with each student, parent, and staff member based on mutual respect and admiration. When everyone in the community assumes responsibility for education, quality education based on partnership and mutual trust is possible. Successful schools require commitment to relationships with the community. (JLS) ED405311

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Committee for Agriculture., & Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Environment Policy Committee. (1997). The environmental effects of agricultural land diversion schemes. Paris [Washington, D.C.: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ; OECD Washington Center distributor]. Hd111.e45 1997 1000 E6 AG En89ea 1997

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Committee for Agriculture., & Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Environment Policy Committee. (1998). Agriculture and the environment: issues and policies. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Hd1918.a34 1998 330 1000 E6 AG Ag83e 1998

Organization of American States. Dept. of Regional Development and Environment. (1994). The Development of border regions in Central America. Washington, D.C.: Dept. of Regional Development Executive Secretary for Economic and Social Affairs Organization of American States. Hc141.z9 1042 D492br 1994 govin

Organization of American States. Dept. of Regional Development and Environment. (1994). The Development of border regions in Central America: meeting of governmental authorities and donors... Washington, D.C., November 23 and 24, 1993. Washington, D.C.: Dept. of Regional Development Executive Secretary for Economic and Social Affairs Organization of American States. Hc141.z9 1042 D492br/2 1994 govin