Zajac, E.E. (1969). The Hourglass Instead of the Funnel in Educational Technology Educ Technol, 9, 2.
Full-Text Availability Options: 675.
Zielinski, Johannes (1969). Computers and Schools: Ideas and Experiences Concerning the Use of Computers For Instructional Purposes J Educ Data Process, 6, 5.
Stresses the importance of the computer for meeting the need for increased productivity in education, caused by the population and information explosions. Explains three trial uses of the computer in West Germany.
Zinn, Karl L. (1969). A Comparative Study of Languages for Programming Interactive Use of Computers in Instruction. Final Report.
A clearly defined and formal method for comparative analysis and evaluation of computer author languages would permit the worker in computer-based instruction to select a language by its effectiveness for the task rather than its easy availability. Such a comparative framework is put forward in this study. The report identifies the useful features of various languages and their support systems, gives categories for the easy description of all languages, and identifies the requirements of authors, teachers, and students which are not being met in existing languages. Four kinds of languages are discussed--those based on a presentation of successive frames, conversation within a limited context, presentation of curriculum files by standard procedures, and data analysis and revision of materials. A glossary of terms defines the major usages in computer-based instruction and defines those used in the eight categories. The major documents of the study appear in the six appendices, including information on specific languages and sample programs.
