Educational Technology | L

Lahtinen, Anja (1969).  Educational Technology in Finland. Emphasis on Teaching Aids  Educ Technol, 9, 11. 

A brief review of the instructional aids currently or soon to be in use in Finland.

Lamb, Brydon (1969).  Schools and Colleges  Educ Training, 11, 9. 

Full-Text Availability Options: 622.

_____. (1968).  Language Laboratories. 

An educational survey of British language teachers concerning the use of the language laboratory focuses primarily on function, facilities, and performance specifications. Read in conjunction with two other reports published by the Ministry of Technology, this study is meant to help teachers, architects, and administrators develop language programs utilizing language laboratories. Contents include discussion of the nature of the laboratory, scheduling, teaching materials, laboratory specifications, additional operational facilities, and administration. An appendix includes the Ministry of Technology specifications for audio-active-compare language laboratories.

Lane, David O. (1969).  Approval and Blanket Order Acquisitions Plan. 

The major purpose of this study was to assist the data collection firm which the American Library Association had hired to do the actual data collecting for its study of decision-making in the selection of science books for academic libraries. Part of the study was devoted to a literature search on the subject of book selection for academic libraries. Two main trends represented in the literature were: (1) It is the duty of the teaching faculty to do the book selection for academic libraries; and (2) Collection development is one of the prime responsibilities of academic librarians. The majority of the librarians and administrators questioned during this study felt that book selection should be a joint responsibility of faculty and librarians. The majority of the faculty felt it should be their own right and responsibility. The large extent to which libraries use "blanket order" (an agreement between a library and an agent or publisher to purchase all of a certain set of publications) and "approval order" (volumes sent a library are "on approval" and any not wanted may be returned) plans was the nearest thing to a fresh insight received from the data. The blanket and approval orders are shown to be important in the acquisitions of even moderate sized academic libraries. Most librarians and faculty are favorably impressed.

Lange, Phil C., Ed. (1967).  Programed Instruction; the Sixty-Sixth Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education. Part II. 

A yearbook for the use of educators, administrators, and the lay public was developed around three broad aspects of programed instruction: its foundations in past methods, program development procedures, and current issues and problem areas. Instruction is rigorously defined as the deliberate manipulation of an individual's environment to enable him to learn to emit or engage in specified behavior under specified conditions. The historical basis of programed instruction is traced from the Socratic method and a grounding in behavioral analysis. The process of instructional programing, a discussion on behavioral analysis and sequencing, and the uses of empirical testing in all development phases are presented. A prime issue in programed instruction--what and how much shall be taught by what method--and problems facing the instructional programer are examined. The implementation of programing principles in the elementary-school project, Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI), is evaluated to show the need for restructuring the curriculum and the instructional system to take cognizance of the principles as well as the methods of programed instruction. Reasons for past failures with teaching machines are examined. Finally, anticipated future developments in programed instruction are considered. Material on the National Society for the Study of Education is appended.

Langmeyer, Daniel; And Others (1969).  Technology for Organizational Training in Schools. 

This paper describes procedures, exercises, methods, sequences, and data used by the authors in organizational training with schools and school districts. The technology described is aimed at improving working relationships within a school building or district. The focus of intervention is on the organizational interactions of role occupants, not on personalities. Participants in the training were the entire staff of a junior high school in one project and a school district, including several schools in the district, in a second project.

LANIER, VINCENT (1966).  THE USES OF NEWER MEDIA IN ART EDUCATION PROJECT. 

THE IMPACT OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY ON ART INSTRUCTION WAS STUDIED DURING A 5-DAY SYMPOSIUM. THE PARTICIPANTS WERE 50 ART EDUCATORS AND 4 MEDIA SPECIALISTS. HUMAN LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT, RESEARCH IN THE MEDIA FIELD RELEVANT TO ART EDUCATION, MEDIA HARDWARE, AND PROJECTION OF PRESENT MEDIA TENDENCIES WERE EXPLORED AND EXAMINED THROUGH PAPERS, PANEL DISCUSSIONS, SEMINARS, GROUP ANALYSIS, AND SIMILAR APPROACHES. BASED ON TEACHING LEVEL, SEMINAR GROUPS WERE FORMED OF (1) ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY TEACHERS, (2) SUPERVISORS, (3) ART EDUCATORS IN HIGHER EDUCATION, AND (4) ART EDUCATORS REPRESENTING RESEARCH INTEREST. DISSEMINATION ACTIVITIES INCLUDED A MULTIMEDIA (SLIDE-FILM-TALK) PRESENTATION AND PUBLICATIONS. SYMPOSIUM PAPERS, SYMPOSIUM DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ARE REPORTED. DISCUSSION TOPICS INCLUDED (1) TECHNOLOGY AND ART EDUCATION, (2) IMPACT OF THE MACHINE, (3) INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACHES, (4) CONDITIONS FOR THE USE OF MEDIA, (5) CHANGES IN ART EDUCATION RELEVANT TO MEDIA, AND (6) PRACTICAL PROBLEMS IN THE USE OF MEDIA.

LAPIN, STANLEY (1963).  ON-AIR, CLOSED-CIRCUIT INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION, THE 2500 MEGACYCLE BAND. 

THE SATISFACTION OF THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION BY THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INSTRUCTIONAL TV FIXED SERVICE WAS DISCUSSED. THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION WERE THAT THE COST PER STUDENT OR PER STUDENT HOUR OF INSTRUCTION HAD TO BE ECONOMICAL, THAT A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF STUDENTS HAD TO BE SERVED, THAT THE SYSTEM HAD TO BE CAPABLE OF TEACHING SUBJECTS SIMULTANEOUSLY, AND THAT THE SYSTEM HAD TO BE LOCALLY CONTROLLED. THE ONLY PREVIOUSLY AVAILABLE METHODS FOR DISTRIBUTING INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION MATERIAL TO MANY SCHOOLS INVOLVED STANDARD TELEVISION BROADCASTING CHANNELS OR INTERCONNECTING CABLE FACILITIES, NEITHER OF WHICH WAS SATISFACTORY. BASED ON THE SUCCESS OF THE PLAINEDGE, NEW YORK SCHOOL DISTRICT DEMONSTRATION SYSTEM, WHICH WAS AN ON-AIR CLOSED-CIRCUIT SYSTEM INTERCONNECTING THE DISTRICT'S HIGH SCHOOL, JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL, AND ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS, THE FCC ESTABLISHED AN INSTRUCTIONAL TV FIXED SERVICE. THE TV FIXED SERVICE PERMITTED THE OPERATION OF LOW-POWER TELEVISION BROADCASTING SYSTEMS IN THE 2500 TO 2690 MEGACYCLE FREQUENCY RANGE. A DESCRIPTION OF THE PLAINEDGE SYSTEM INDICATED HOW A TYPICAL INSTALLATION OPERATED. STUDIES SHOWED HOW SUCH SYSTEMS COULD FILL THE INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION REQUIREMENTS OF SMALL, MEDIUM, AND LARGE SCHOOL DISTRICTS AS WELL AS COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. A SINGLE CHANNEL SYSTEM SERVING ALL PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN A VERY LARGE CITY COULD COST 2 DOLLARS PER PUPIL, WITH AN ADDITIONAL CHANNEL BRINGING THE COST UP 25 CENTS PER PUPIL. ONLY A CONSIDERATION OF SUCH FACTORS AS SIZE AND TERRAIN OF AN AREA, LOCATION AND NUMBER OF SCHOOLS, AND CHANNEL REQUIREMENTS COULD PROVIDE COST INFORMATION FOR SCHOOL DISTRICTS. THIS PAPER WAS PRESENTED TO THE CONFERENCE ON EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION (3RD, BRONX, AUGUST 21, 1963).

LaVor, Martin; and others (1969).  National Center on Educational Media and Materials for the Handicapped, Public Law 91-61  Except Children, 36, 3. 

Full-Text Availability Options: 600.

LAZAR, ALFRED L.; GELHART, ROBERT P. (1967).  A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON TEACHING MACHINES AND PROGRAMED INSTRUCTION. 

THE BIBLIOGRAPHY LISTS 131 SELECTED PUBLICATIONS ON TEACHING MACHINES AND PROGRAMED INSTRUCTION. LISTED UNDER BOOKS ARE 55 ITEMS DATING FROM 1959 TO 1966. ARTICLES AND PERIODICALS CITED DATE FROM 1915 TO 1965 AND NUMBER 53. INCLUDED AS MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS ARE 23 LISTINGS SUCH AS THESES, PROJECT REPORTS, GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS, AND DITTOS RANGING IN DATE FROM 1949 TO 1966.

Le Baron, Walt (1969).  Technological Forces and the Teacher's Changing Role  J Teacher Educ, 20, 4. 

Full-Text Availability Options: 580.

LEBEDEV, P.D. (1963).  COMPUTERS FOR EDUCATION. 

ON THE PREMISES THAT THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROGRAMED LEARNING BY RESEARCH TEAMS OF SUBJECT AND TECHNIQUE SPECIALISTS IS INDISPUTABLE, AND THAT THE EXPERIENCED TEACHER IN THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL TUTOR IS INDISPENSABLE, THE TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT PROGRAMED INSTRUCTION MUST BE ADVANCED. AUTOMATED DEVICES EMPLOYING SEQUENTIAL AND BRANCHING TECHNIQUES FOR LOGICALLY DISTINCT EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES ARE APPLICABLE ONLY TO MEASURE ACHIEVEMENT ON SPECIFIC COURSE SEGMENTS, NOT THE ENTIRE COURSE. THUS, CONVENTIONAL INSTRUCTION IS AIDED BUT NOT REPLACED BY CYBERNETICS. THIS ARTICLE WAS TRANSLATED FROM "VESTNIK VYSSHEY SHKOLY," NUMBER 3, 1963, AND IS AVAILABLE FROM THE CLEARINGHOUSE FOR FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION, JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE, BUILDING TEMPO E., ADAMS DRIVE, 4TH AND 6TH STREETS, S.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20443.

LECZNAR, WILLIAM B.; MORRISON, EDWARD J. (1966).  DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF AN EXPERIMENTAL CURRICULUM FOR THE NEW QUINCY (MASS.) VOCATIONAL-TECHNICAL SCHOOL, THE SEQUENCING OF LEARNING UNITS. SEVENTH QUARTERLY TECHNICAL REPORT. 

THE PRINCIPAL GOAL OF PROJECT ABLE IS TO DEMONSTRATE THE INCREASED EFFECTIVENESS OF INSTRUCTION WHERE THE CONTENT IS DERIVED FROM AN ANALYSIS OF DESIRED BEHAVIOR AFTER GRADUATION. IT ALSO ATTEMPTS TO APPLY NEWLY DEVELOPED EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TO THE DESIGN, CONDUCT, AND EVALUATION OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. THIS REPORT CONSIDERS THE PROBLEM OF SELECTING SEQUENCES FOR LEARNING UNITS SO THAT STUDENTS ACQUIRE THE DESIRED PERFORMANCE CAPABILITIES SYSTEMATICALLY AND EFFICIENTLY. SECTION ONE REVIEWS A PLAN WHICH ALLOWS STUDENTS TO QUALIFY FOR SUCCESSIVELY HIGHER-LEVEL JOBS AND PROVIDES A SERIES OF POINTS AT WHICH STUDENTS MAY LEAVE THE CURRICULUM IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR CAPABILITIES AND NEEDS. SECTION TWO DISCUSSES AN ANALYTIC PROCEDURE FOR DERIVING LEARNING STRUCTURES, FIRST DESCRIBED BY R. M. GAGNE. IT PROVIDES AN ANALYSIS OF THE KINDS OF PERFORMANCE CAPABILITIES WHICH MUST BE ACQUIRED, RATHER THAN AN ANALYSIS OF SUBJECT-MATTER LOGIC. SECTION THREE REVIEWS THE MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING A SEQUENCE THROUGH THE EXERCISE OF AVAILABLE SEQUENCE OPTIONS AND BY THE ADDITION, REPETITION, AND DELETION OF UNITS FROM THE SEQUENCE. THE FINAL SECTION OF THE REPORT CONCERNS EMPIRICAL TEST AND REVISION OF THE INITIAL SEQUENCE DESIGN.

Lee, Addison E. (1969).  The Pre-Service Preparation of Secondary School Biology Teachers. 

A total program for the preservice education of secondary school biology teachers is suggested in this document based on a joint committee of the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study and the Commission on Undergraduate Education in the Biological Sciences. Suggestions are made for both the professional education and the biology core components of the program, and some comments on strategies of biology teaching are made. Two possible methods of introducing prospective teachers, through the use of film and tape and by role playing simulations, are described with reference to programs at the University of Michigan and the University of Texas, Austin respectively. Notes on planning and testing school biology courses, on the use of educational technology, and on designing and developing learning material (with emphasis on the laboratory component) are provided. The section on the laboratory work distinguishes, with examples, between laboratory exercises and investigations. Appendices list certification requirements for each state, outline the specific components suggested for a biology methods program, reproduce an instrument for student evaluation of teaching, and list BSCS materials and Invitations to Enquiry.

LEE, CALVIN B.T., ED. (1967).  IMPROVING COLLEGE TEACHING. 

FORTY-NINE ESSAYS ON CURRENT ISSUES AND PROBLEMS IN COLLEGE TEACHING ARE INCLUDED. THE SIX MAJOR TOPIC DIVISIONS ARE THE ACADEMIC COMMUNITY, THE ACADEMIC MAN, THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF COLLEGE TEACHERS, TEACHING AND LEARNING, THE EVALUATION OF TEACHING PERFORMANCE, AND CURRICULUM REFORM. THE AUTHORS--ACADEMIC ADMINISTRATORS, PROFESSORS, STUDENTS, AND GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS--ADDRESS THE TOPICS FROM DIFFERENT POINTS OF VIEW, AND SURVEY AND EVALUATE CURRENT PRACTICES AND RESEARCH FINDINGS. WITHIN EACH TOPIC DIVISION, SHORT COMMENTARIES ON ONE OR TWO ARTICLES ARE GIVEN. THIS DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE FOR $6.00 FROM THE AMERICAN COUNCIL ON EDUCATION, 1785 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C.

Leith, G. O. M. (1969).  Second Thoughts on Programmed Learning: Developments in the Ideas and Applications of Programming, Including Computer Based Learning. 

Many programers still believe the method of programing recommended by B. F. Skinner and N. A. Crowder to be the only effective way to write a program. Recent research suggests, however, that this method may rest on faulty assumptions. The important points in programing seem to be defining behavioral objectives, analyzing the tasks necessary to accomplish the objective, providing an opportunity for feedback, and developing effective instructional materials and a stimulating environment. The use of programing techniques can also improve the quality of audiovisual aids and help in making the choice of media. Computers are valuable in programed instruction in many ways, most notably in their ability to adapt teaching materials and strategies of instruction to the needs of individual learners. Programers should take a look at the recent work of educational researchers and apply the findings to remedy the deficiencies of the older methods of programing. A reference list is appended.

Leonard, George B. (1968).  Education and Ecstasy. 

The highly interactive, regenerative, technological society now emerging will require something akin to mass genius, mass creativity, and lifelong learning; and schools as they now exist are already obsolete. Education of the future will be, and could be now, a utopian, voluntary, joyful, lifetime experience for its own sake. Our present level of education could be achieved in one-third the time or less, and could be extended to expansion of the mind and senses. In the future, children at school will learn delight, not aggression; heightened awareness and control; and the commonly-agreed-upon skills of the ongoing culture. They will learn how to ring creative changes, how to learn, and how to explore and enjoy the infinite possibilities in relations between people. This dimension of play and fun needs to be added to present-day electronic tutors.

Lessinger, Leon M. (1969).  Accountability and Performance Contracts: After Texarkana, What?  Nat Sch, 84, 6. 

Discusses problems and promises of contracting operationally defined educational output to a special teaching group to be reimbursed according to student performance.

Lewis, Philip (1969).  Don't Neglect Design Basics in New Technology Planning  Nat Sch, 83, 3. 

Full-Text Availability Options: 657.

_____. (1968).  Library Careers Project; Funded by L.S.C.A. through the State Library of Ohio to the Cuyahoga County Public Library. Annual Report, September 1967 to August 1968. 

A report is given of a Northeast Ohio recruitment project to develop and test methods and material for use in sparking interest in library science among college upperclassmen and graduates looking for new careers. Two of the approaches utilized are: (1) counseling of individuals attracted to library careers and (2) mass publicity via direct mail, coded college newspaper ads and contact with individuals through appropriate groups and organizations. The advantages of the counseling approach are: (1) the individual attention given each person, (2) the easy follow-up on contacts and (3) the simplified methods of recruitment. Disadvantages of the counseling approach include: (1) the lack of participation of librarians and library schools in counseling and (2) the undue amount of time spent on a limited aspect of the project. The advantages of the mass publicity approach are: (1) wider audiences are covered in changing the general public's image of the stuffy librarian and (2) greater involvement is undertaken by the practicing librarian in the recruitment project. The liabilities of the mass publicity approach include: (1) fine points of the library profession are overlooked, (2) opportunity for follow-up on individuals is hampered and (3) it is more difficult to pinpoint the campaign on actual potential recruits. Certain numbered exhibits contained in the original document were not reproducible due to copyright or minimal legibility.

Lipson, Joseph I. (1967).  Individualization of Science Instruction in the Elementary School Laboratory. 

After defining education, science, scientific concepts, individualization, and the sequence of science instruction, the individualizing effort (K-6) at the Learning Research and Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh is examined in this speech. This effort is described in detail in relation to a science instruction project which emphasizes the use of educational technology and direct laboratory experience in conjunction with lesson units, pretests, performance tests, and an individualized progression rate. Within the science program, student entrance into the program, procedures for advancing through the program, and plans for evaluating the program are more fully explicated.

Lipton, Gladys C., Ed. (1969).  FLES: Projections into the Future. A Report by the FLES Committee of the American Association of Teachers of French. 

Twelve articles on current and projected trends in the teaching of foreign language in elementary schools (FLES) focus on four major areas of concern. A look at the present state of FLES instruction includes articles on programs in various parts of the world, the potential of FLES, and teacher preparation. Two articles on innovations and school facilities and programed instruction focus on the impact of technological advances. A section on bilingualism includes an article on ethnic groups and language maintenance. The last group of articles predicts directions which sequential programs are likely to take and the potential use of media for purposes of instruction. (This document previously announced as ED 052 644.)

LIVERIGHT, A.A. (1966).  THE UNCOMMON COLLEGE, THE COLLEGE OF CONTINUING EDUCATION AT METROPOLIS UNIVERSITY. 

HERE IS DESCRIBED HYPOTHETICAL METROPOLIS UNIVERSITY OF 1980 WITH AN UNDERGRADUATE CURRICULUM DESIGNED TO PROVIDE A CLIMATE FOR LIFELONG LEARNING AND WITH A COLLEGE OF CONTINUING EDUCATION DEVELOPED ALONG LINES OF THE FOUR PRIMARY ROLES OF ADULTS--WORKER, FAMILY MEMBER, CITIZEN, AND SELF-REALIZING INDIVIDUAL. FOUR INSTITUTES SERVE THE FOUR ROLES. IN ADDITION THREE CENTERS CUT ACROSS THE FOUR INSTITUTES TO PROVIDE SERVICES AND RESEARCH TO ALL OF THEM--CENTERS FOR COUNSELING AND COMMUNITY REFERRAL, FOR RESEARCH AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT, AND FOR METROPOLITAN STUDIES AND PROBLEM SOLVING. ADMINISTRATIVE AND ORGANIZATIONAL ARRANGEMENT INVOLVES A READILY ACCESSIBLE CAMPUS FOR ADULTS WITH A LEARNING CENTER, A SMALL RESIDENTIAL UNIT, AND A MUSEUM FOR POPULAR SCIENCE. FACULTY IS OBTAINED BY A LEND-LEASE ARRANGEMENT WITH INDUSTRY AND GOVERNMENT IN METROPOLIS AND USE OF FACULTY AIDES. FINANCING IS DIVERSIFIED. COMMUNITY COOPERATION IS STRONG. NEW EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY IS EXPLOITED. THE MYTHICAL QUALITY OF THE UNIVERSITY IS BELIED BY ITS ROOTS IN REALITIES OF THE 1960'S LISTED IN THE APPENDIX.

Lopez, Guillermo (1968).  CAI; A New Dimension to the Teaching-Learning Act  J Educ Data Process, 6, 1. 

Full-Text Availability Options: 481.

LOUGHARY, JOHN W. (1966).  MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS IN EDUCATION. 

THIS BOOK INCLUDES 5 PARTS. THE FIRST, BACKGROUND, PROVIDES A THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL BASE FOR THE MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS DESCRIBED LATER. IT DEFINES MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS, DESCRIBES COMPUTERS, AND DISCUSSES THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MEDIA TECHNOLOGY AND LEARNING PROCESSES. PART 2, INSTRUCTION, DESCRIBES ADVANCED SYSTEMS IN EDUCATION WHICH ARE CONCERNED PRIMARILY WITH INSTRUCTION AS SUCH. PART 3, ADMINISTRATION, EXAMINES APPLICATIONS OF SYSTEMS AT 3 MANAGEMENT AND EXECUTIVE LEVELS--THE SCHOOL, THE DISTRICT, AND THE STATE AND NATIONAL LEVELS. PART 4, PUPIL PERSONNEL SERVICES, DESCRIBES COMPUTER SYSTEMS IN COUNSELING AND OTHER AREAS. REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPLEMENTING MAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS ARE DISCUSSED IN PART 5. THIS DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE FROM HARPER AND ROW, PUBLISHERS, INC., 49 EAST 33RD STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10016.

Loughary, John W. (1969).  The God of Complexity  Educ Technol, 9, 9. 

Full-Text Availability Options: 597.

Loughary, John W. (1969).  Technology in German Education  J Educ Data Process, 6, 5. 

Discusses the state of research, development, and innovation of new educational technology in West Germany, with special emphasis on the student interest and attitudes which have helped bring about changes.

Lucas, Vane B. (1969).  Breakthrough in Adult Learning R&D  Educ Telev, 1, 10. 

Full-Text Availability Options: 629.

LUMSDAINE, A.A., ED.; GLASER, ROBERT, ED. (1960).  TEACHING MACHINES AND PROGRAMMED LEARNING, A SOURCE BOOK. 

BROUGHT TOGETHER HERE IS THE WIDELY-SCATTERED LITERATURE ON SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMS AND DEVICES BY LEADERS, PAST AND PRESENT, IN THEIR DEVELOPMENT. S.L. PRESSEY IN HIS ARTICLES DESCRIBES THE APPARATUS, METHODS, THEORY, AND RESULTS ATTENDANT UPON USE OF HIS TEST-SCORING DEVICES. B.F. SKINNER IN HIS ARTICLES DEVELOPS THEORY, DESCRIBES MACHINES, AND DISCUSSES SEVERAL CASES OF APPLICATION TO DIFFERENT SUBJECTS AND GRADE LEVELS. SUBSEQUENT AUTHORS HAVE ARTICLES ON THE TAB ITEM, INTRINSIC PROGRAMING, FURTHER MACHINES, THE RESULTS OF SEVERAL PROJECTS AND EXPERIMENTS, RESEARCH AND PROGRAMING PROBLEMS, PROSPECTIVES, AND ISSUES. THERE IS A BIBLIOGRAPHY AND AN ANNOTATED COMPILATION OF PAPERS IN THE FIELD OF TEACHING MACHINES AND PROGRAMED LEARNING. THIS DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE FOR $7.50 FROM THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION, 1201 SIXTEENTH STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036.

Lundy, Lyndall L. (1969).  Programed Instruction and its Application to Teaching Industrial Arts  Ind Arts Vocat Educ, 58, 6. 

Full-Text Availability Options: 643.

Lusty, Stuart, Jr. (1969).  Educational Technology  Peabody J Educ, 47, 1. 

Full-Text Availability Options: 546.

Lyman, Elisabeth R. (1968).  Instruction for Using the PLATO Logic, GENERAL. 

This report contains instructions for the use of GENERAL, a tutorial type teaching logic developed for the PLATO system. The logic of GENERAL is first introduced and diagrammed for the user. Then lesson planning for program authors is discussed in terms of format rules, branching pages, challenge pages, and information retrieval pages. Control keys and procedures for student mode are provided followed by an explanation of author mode. Suggestions for the answer master and input of parameters for lessons are given followed by directions for authoring using GENAUTH, GENERAL, and CONSTNT. The appendix contains a list of special effects on GENERAL, a list of judgers, and an example of an INVSTAN subroutine.

Lysaught, Jerome P. (1969).  Enhanced Capacity for Self-Instruction  J Med Educ, 44, 7. 

Delivered to the Council of Academic Societies at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Association of American Medical Colleges (November 1, 1968).