Educational Technology | J

Jackson, Philip W. (1968).  The Teacher and the Machine. Horace Mann Lecture 1967. 

An essay on the future role of technology in education stresses three conclusions. First, changes in the teacher's work resulting from the growth of educational technology will be neither as dramatic nor as rapid as is commonly forecast in the literature. Second, many of the benefits alleged to accompany the advent of teaching machinery will either fail to materialize or prove to be mixed blessings. The teacher is held to be all in all more opportunistic, flexible, efficient, and less expensive than equivalent machines even where they are possible; machine teaching will probably be efficient only for reading and mathematics. Third, although the expanded use of machines in the classroom poses some unique problems for educators, a more fundamental question concerns the extent to which a mechanistic ideology should be allowed to permeate our view of the educational process. Much of the current respect for machines is faddist. Teachers resist the new technology because they are more intimately aware of the inefficiences involved in its use.

JACOBS, T.O.; AND OTHERS. (1967).  U.S. ARMY HUMAN FACTORS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ANNUAL CONFERENCE, INDIVIDUAL AND SMALL-UNIT TRAINING FOR COMBAT OPERATIONS (12TH, FORT BENNING, GEORGIA, OCTOBER 1966). 

RESEARCH IN THE AREA OF MILITARY TRAINING AND TRAINING METHODS WAS REVIEWED AND ASSESSED FOR (1) ITS RELEVANCE TO MODERN COMBAT OPERATIONS (IDENTIFICATION OF COMBAT TASKS, DEVELOPMENT OF SKILL TRAINING, AND EVALUATION) AND (2) ITS EFFICIENCY (REDUCED COST AND TIME AND INCREASED TRAINEE PROFICIENCY, OR BOTH). CASES OF EFFECTIVE RESEARCH IN USE OF WEAPONS (TRAINFIRE AND RIFLEMAN SERIES), LAND NAVIGATION, AND OPERATION AS SQUAD MEMBER AND LEADER WERE CITED. PROGRESSIVE STEPS WERE ESTABLISHED FOR TRAINING IMPROVEMENT AND INCLUDED SUCH ACTIVITIES AS--ANALYSIS OF TRAINING OBJECTIVES, LITERATURE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL LEARNING FACTORS, AND DETERMINATION OF ESSENTIAL SUBJECTS, SKILLS, AND PERFORMANCES. IMPROVED PROGRAMS RESULTED IN ELIMINATION OF LECTURES, MORE INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION APPROPRIATE PLACEMENT OF INSTRUCTION, AND REALIZATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF GROUP PRACTICE AND FEEDBACK. AFTER DETAILED REPORTS OF PROGRAMED INSTRUCTION, EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION, AND COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION, THE CONCLUSION WAS REACHED THAT LEARNING EFFECTIVENESS DEPENDED UPON ATTAINMENT OF REALISTIC TRAINING OBJECTIVES AND TYPE OF MEDIA WAS DETERMINED BY ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY. A FINAL PAPER DEALT WITH INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION. (THIS DOCUMENT, AD-653-845, IS AVAILABLE FROM THE CLEARINGHOUSE FOR FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION, SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22151. MICROFICHE $0.65, HARDCOPY $3.00)

James, H. Thomas (1969).  Reservations on the Application of Technology to Education  J Eng Educ, 59, 6. 

Paper presented at Symposium on the Application of Technology to Education, Washington, D.C., September 9-10, 1968.

James, H. Thomas; And Others (1969).  The Schools and the Challenge of Innovation. 

Papers contributed by authors prominent in educational innovation and technology are in this collected work. The authors do not always agree, but a broad pattern of agreement is discernible. They agree on the identification of those major problems confronting the schools today as a result of the new social forces at work; and generally, they agree in assessing the significance of the new innovative developments in education, though they do not necessarily agree on their desirability. The introduction by Sterling M. McMurrin on innovation and the purposes of education, is followed by four chapters, each representing a broad classification. They are: (1) improved use of school resources, (2) more effective evaluation and research, (3) the challenge of innovation to teachers, and (4) the possibilities and costs of instructional systems. Contributors are: H. Thomas James, J. Alan Thomas, Charles S. Benson, Ralph W. Tyler, John I. Goodlad, Roald F. Campbell, Philip W. Jackson, Robert Glasser, William H. Allen, Wilbur Schramm, Lawrence M. Stolurow, Clyde N. Carter, and Maurice J. Walker.

Jenkins, D. E. P. (1969).  Educational Technology in University Education  Educ Telev Int, 3, 2. 

Full-Text Availability Options: 545.

JESSER, DAVID L. (1963).  WESTERN STATES SMALL SCHOOLS PROJECT, SUMMER WORKSHOP 1963. 

THE WESTERN STATES SMALL SCHOOLS PROJECT (WSSSP) IS A MULTISTATE COOPERATIVE ENDEAVOR TO IDENTIFY AND DEFINE WAYS OF STRENGTHENING THE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS IN SMALL SCHOOLS WHICH CANNOT BE CONSOLIDATED. SUMMER WORKSHOPS ARE HELD IN EACH STATE. A SUMMARY AND REPORT OF SEVERAL WSSSP SUMMER WORKSHOPS IS INCLUDED. THE WORKSHOP SCHEDULE CONSISTS OF LECTURES BY SPECIAL CONSULTANTS, DISCUSSIONS, AND EVENING EXCHANGE MEETINGS FOR THE GROUPS INVOLVED. "A TEACHER'S PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION," BY MARIE YORK, SUMMARIZES IDEALS FOR TEACHER PERFORMANCE. DISCUSSED ARE SUCH TOPICS AS PARENT CONFERENCES, THE METHOD PROBLEM, GROUPING, ADAPTING METHODS TO ABILITIES, REMEDIAL TEACHING, AUTOMATION, AND INDIVIDUAL STUDY CENTERS. "THE TELEPHONE AS A TEACHING TOOL" DESCRIBES THE LIMITED USE OF THE TELEPHONE IN THE NEVADA SCHOOLS CURRICULUM AND EXPLAINS PLANS TO INCREASE ITS USE. THE SPEAKER-PHONE CAN BE A METHOD TO BRING OUTSIDERS TO THE SMALL, ISOLATED SCHOOL. "THE NON-GRADED HIGH SCHOOL," BY B. FRANK BROWN, SUGGESTS FIVE CONTINUOUS LEARNING GROUPS FROM KINDERGARTEN THROUGH THE NONGRADED COLLEGE. EDUCATION SHOULD BE EXPERIMENTAL, FLEXIBLE, AND UNRESTRAINED IN ORDER TO DEVELOP A FORM COMPATIBLE WITH NEEDS. "THE LANGUAGE EXPERIENCE APPROACH TO READING," BY JAMES HALCOMB, DESCRIBES ONE STAFF'S EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THE TEACHING OF READING. CHILDREN ARE GIVEN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY TO RESPOND TO QUESTIONS WHICH ASK FOR DIVERGENT RESPONSES. THE QUESTION "WHY" CAN EVOKE A CHILD'S EXPERIENCES WHICH, IN TURN, CAN MOTIVATE HIM IN HIS THINKING, TALKING, WRITING, AND READING. "IMPROVEMENT OF PERSONNEL UTILIZATION," BY M. DELBERT LOBB, EMPHASIZES THE NEED FOR TEACHERS TO APPLY NEW TEACHING METHODS AND MATERIALS WHICH CAN ELIMINATE THE TIME-LAG BETWEEN DISCOVERY AND PRACTICE.

JOHNSON, BYRON LAMAR (1967).  CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS APPROACHES TO CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION IN THE OPEN-DOOR COLLEGE (UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES, JULY 18-20, 1966). 

THE SYSTEMS APPROACH TO INSTRUCTION INVOLVES A CAREFUL SPECIFICATION OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES IN BEHAVIORAL AND MEASURABLE FORM, FOLLOWED BY A SUCCESSION OF EVALUATION-REVISION CYCLES IN THE INSTRUCTIONAL PROCESS, UNTIL NEW STUDENTS EXPOSED TO THE PROCESS ACHIEVE THE DESIRED OBJECTIVES. SEVEN MAJOR PAPERS WERE PRESENTED AT THE CONFERENCE--(1) THE RELATIONSHIP OF INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMS TO THE JUNIOR COLLEGE'S COMMITMENT TO CHANGE, (2) OPPORTUNITIES AND PROBLEMS IN THE USE OF COMPUTERS IN INSTRUCTION, (3) METHODS OF PREPARING OBJECTIVES TO SPECIFY STUDENT ACTION OR THE PRODUCT OF SUCH ACTION, THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE PERFORMANCE WILL OCCUR, AND THE MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE STANDARD OF PERFORMANCE, (4) METHODS OF DEVELOPING AND VALIDATING INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEMS, (5) A DESCRIPTION OF AN OPERATIONAL PROGRAM, THE AUDIOTUTORIAL SYSTEM OF TEACHING BOTANY AT PURDUE UNIVERSITY, (6) A DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLICATION OF THE SYSTEMS APPROACH AT OAKLAND COMMUNITY COLLEGE, AND (7) THE USE OF THE SYSTEMS APPROACH IN DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMS. EMPHASIS THROUGHOUT THE CONFERENCE WAS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEARNING EXPERIENCES IN RELATION TO EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES AND OBJECTIVES, THE NEED FOR FEEDBACK, AND THE NECESSITY FOR CONSTANT EVALUATION, REVISION, AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE SYSTEM.

Johnson, Charles E.; Duncan, Glenn E. (1969).  Bibliography of Selected References Concerned with the Applications of Systems Technology in Education. 

This bibliography lists 69 books published since 1960, and 182 journal articles published since 1965, on the subject of applications of systems technology in education.

JOHNSON, EUGENE I. (1967).  EXTENDING THE EDUCATIONAL INFLUENCE OF TELEVISION BROADCASTS. 

TWO APPROACHES TO EXTENDING THE EDUCATIONAL INFLUENCE OF TELECASTS ARE DISCUSSED. THE FIRST APPROACH TAKES OFF FROM THE TELEVISION BROADCAST, THE EFFECT OF WHICH CAN BE HEIGHTENED BY DIAL ACCESS LIBRARIES OF MAGNETIC TAPE RECORDINGS, OPEN LINE PROGRAMS, DISCUSSION GROUPS, SIMULATION OR GAMES, AND THE PUBLICIZING OF OTHER RESOURCES, ALL OF WHICH HAVE BEEN USED SUCCESSFULLY, AND BY INTERACTION WITH THE BRAODCAST VIA SELECTION OF SUBPROGRAMS, WHICH IS TECHNICALLY POSSIBLE BUT HAS NOT YET BEEN USED. THE LEARNING SYSTEM APPROACH USES TELEVISION IN CONNECTION WITH OTHER EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS OR EXPERIENCES TO ADD VARIETY, DEPTH, OR APPEAL TO THE WORLD AFFAIRS EDUCATION PROGRAMS. THE METROPLEX ASSEMBLY CAN CLOSE TO ILLUSTRATING THIS APPROACH IN COMMUNITY EDUCATION. IT WAS UNIQUE IN THAT THE PERSONS RESPONSIBLE FOR DEVELOPING DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE PROGRAM MET TO AGREE ON OBJECTIVES, UNDERLYING CONCEPTS, MAIN ISSUES TO BE RAISED, AND VALUE CONFLICTS IN THE COMMUNITY.

Johnson, Frances Kennon; Bomar, Cora Paul (1964).  Planning School Library Quarters.  [ALA Bulletin] 

Several articles are directed to basic considerations in planning school library quarters. The role of the librarian and staff members is discussed with regard to defining the program and its physical requirements. The function of the architect and the means and steps by which he arrives at solutions to design problems are examined, and suggestions are presented for preparing educational specifications for the school library. Some principles and features of good design are illustrated in the case studies of recently constructed elementary and secondary school libraries and diagramatic floor plans are included. Educational technology and various trends in education are discussed with regard to implications for planning school libraries. A short annotated bibliography concerned with planning school library quarters includes books, pamphlets, articles and films.

Johnson, Harry A. (1969).  The Educational Needs of Economically Deprived Children  Audiovisual Instr, 14, 10. 

Full-Text Availability Options: 569.

Johnson, Hildegarde, Au2 And Others (1969).  Using Programmed Instruction To Teach A Skill for Transfer  J Home Econ, 61, 1. 

Full-Text Availability Options: 663.

Jones, Brynmor (1969).  Educational Technology in Tomorrow's World  Programmed Learning Educ Technol, 6, 2. 

Speech given at the Association for Programmed Learning and Educational Technology International Conference (1st, London, 1969).

Joyner, Orville D. (1969).  Social Change and Educational Innovation in a Latin American University. Final Report. 

The purposes of this study were: (1) to determine the implications of present perceptions of selected faculty and administrative personnel at the University of San Carlos (USC) in Guatemala with regard to the potential of the new Instructional Materials Center (IMC) for their individual responsibilities; and (2) to describe subsequent changes in these perceptions and related behaviors which occurred as responses to the demands of university faculty and administrative roles, and other sources of influence. The first chapter discusses the purposes, background, and problems of the IMC project, the basic goal of which was the improvement of educational resources at the University of Pittsburgh and USC. The project was sponsored by USAID. Chapter 2 describes the development of the IMC project at USC, the preconditions leading to the IMC at San Carlos, the IMC contract period, and the events occurring after the contract. Chapter 3 presents an analysis and interpretation of higher education in Guatemala, educational technology, directed and purposeful change and social process as related to the IMC project. Conclusions and recommendations are presented in Chapter 4. | [FULL TEXT]