Educational Technology | E

Earl, S.A. (1969).  Differentiated Staffing. 

Creating more differentiated, specialized work roles within teaching can be viewed as a response to a structural lag in school systems. Organizationally, differential staffing attempts to correct inefficient use of human resources by providing a more individualized program to maximize the use of teacher talent. This paper discusses aspects of differential staffing, the advantages and disadvantages of differential teaching assignments, and examples of programs that have been described in recent literature.

EBOCH, SIDNEY C. (1966).  IMPLEMENTATION OF RESEARCH STRATEGIES AND TACTICS FOR DEMONSTRATIONS OF NEWER MEDIA. 

A DEMONSTRATION PROJECT, KNOWN AS "PROJECT DISCOVERY," WAS CREATED AND OPERATED BY FOUR SCHOOL DISTRICTS AND SEVERAL PARTICIPATING COMMERCIAL AUDIOVISUAL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURERS. THE PURPOSE OF THE DEMONSTRATION WAS TO CREATE SINGLE-BUILDING AUDIOVISUAL FACILITIES WHICH WOULD ELIMINATE MOST OF THE LOGISTICAL AND TECHNICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF MOTION PICTURES AND FILMSTRIPS IN CLASSROOMS. IN EACH BUILDING, EVERY CLASSROOM WAS EQUIPPED WITH AN AUTOMATIC-THREADING MOTION PICTURE PROJECTOR, AND AN AUTOMATIC-THREADING FILMSTRIP PROJECTOR, A PROJECTOR CART, A PROJECTION SCREEN, ROOM-LIGHT CONTROLS, AND ELECTRICAL MODIFICATIONS AS NECESSARY. IN EACH BUILDING, A GENERAL LIBRARY OF APPROXIMATELY 500 FILMS AND APPROXIMATELY 750 FILMSTRIPS WAS PLACED FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE 20 TO 30 TEACHERS IN THE BUILDING. TEACHERS WERE FREE TO USE THE MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT IN THE MANNER AND AMOUNT OF THEIR CHOICE. THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY SHOWED THE OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT WERE ACHIEVED IN THAT ALMOST ALL TEACHERS IN ALL SCHOOLS WERE ABLE TO OBTAIN AND USE THE MEDIA LIBRARY AND EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE IN EACH BUILDING. SOME DIFFICULTIES WERE FOUND IN ESTABLISHING THE MEDIA LIBRARY AND IN PROVIDING SUFFICIENT INFORMATION SERVICE RELATED TO THE MEDIA COLLECTION. POSITIVE BENEFITS FROM THE PROJECT WERE FOUND IN EFFECTS ON CURRICULUM, ON STUDENTS, AND ON SCHOOL MORALE. | [FULL TEXT]

_____. (1969).  Economics Course Evaluation. 

A multimedia course in economic analysis was developed and used in conjunction with the United States Naval Academy. (See ED 043 790 and ED 043 791 for the final reports of the project evaluation and development model.) This document describes the approach to course evaluation taken during the third phase of the development project. A distinction is made between evaluation and validation in describing previous and planned activities. For related documents see EM 010 787 through EM 010 823.

Edinger, Lois V.; Sand, Ole (1969).  Schools for the Seventies and Beyond  Todays Educ, 58, 6. 

Full-Text Availability Options: 627.

EDLING, JACK V. (1963).  ROLE OF NEWER MEDIA IN PLANNED CHANGE. 

NEWER MEDIA SHOULD PLAY A FAR MORE SIGNIFICANT ROLE THAN HAS BEEN ALLOWED IN PLANNED CHANGE. THE PRESENT PUBLISHED CONSENSUS OF THE EFFECTS OF EDUCATIONAL MEDIA UNDERESTIMATES ITS POTENTIAL PERSUASIVE EFFECTS. RESEARCH NEEDED TO REALIZE THE POTENTIALITIES OF NEWER MEDIA IS OUTLINED. LEARNER CHARACTERISTICS WHICH ARE RELEVANT AND SIGNIFICANT FOR COMMUNICATION PURPOSES SHOULD BE ASSESSED. THE PROBLEM OF REINFORCEMENT OF EFFECT SHOULD BE STUDIED. THE DEGREE OF ATTITUDE CHANGE SHOULD BE RESEARCHED. AFTER TECHNIQUES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED WHICH MODIFY VERBAL BEHAVIOR, LARGE-SCALE STUDIES SHOULD BE UNDERTAKEN TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VERBAL BEHAVIOR AND OVERT BEHAVIOR.

_____. (1964).  EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION IN 1964, AN OVERVIEW BY THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION. 

AN OVERVIEW OF EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION (ETV) TO 1964 BY THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATION COMMISSION (FCC) IS PRESENTED. ONLY EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION THAT IS TELECAST OVER COMMERCIAL CHANNELS (OTHER THAN CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION) IS REVIEWED. ETV BEGAN IN 1952 WHEN THE FCC RESERVED 242 CHANNEL ASSIGNMENTS FOR NONCOMMERCIAL EDUCATIONAL USE. ETV CHANNEL RESERVATIONS HAVE SINCE INCREASED TO OVER 350, AND A FURTHER INCREASE TO ABOUT 700 IS IN PROSPECT. THE FCC SAID THE FINANCING OF ETV CAN BE DONE THROUGH ENDOWMENTS AND THE USUAL SOURCES OF FUNDS FOR PUBLIC AND PRIVATE EDUCATION. COSTS OF OPERATIONS COULD BE MET THROUGH COOPERATIVE PROGRAMING AND FINANCING AMONG SEVERAL EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN LARGE COMMUNICATIONS. SINCE MAY 1962 GRANTS HAVE BEEN AUTHORIZED FOR CONSTRUCTION OF NONCOMMERCIAL STATIONS WITH A CEILING OF 1 MILLION DOLLARS FOR ANY ONE STATE. THE GRANTS ARE MADE THROUGH THE SECRETARY OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE. SOME OF THE RULES GOVERNING ETV ARE THAT--(1) ONLY NONPROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS MAY BE LICENSED TO OPERATE AS NONCOMMERCIAL ETV, (2) THE ACCREDITATIONS OF EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ARE CONSIDERED, (3) ETV PROGRAMS MAY BE EDUCATIONAL CULTURAL, ENTERTAINMENT, OR AUGMENTATIVE TO SCHOOL COURSES, (4) ETV STATIONS MAY NOT TRANSMIT PROGRAMS FOR WHICH MONEY OR OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ARE RECEIVED, (5) THERE IS NO MINIMUM OF HOURS OF BROADCASTING REQUIRED, AND (6) ETV IS SUBJECT, IN OTHER RESPECTS, TO THE SAME TECHNICAL RULES GOVERNING COMMERCIAL TELEVISION.

_____. (1966).  Educational Implications of Technological Change. Technology and the American Economy, Appendix, Volume IV. 

Three studies dealing with the educational implications of technological change are presented. "The Application of Computer Technology to the Improvement of Instruction and Learning" by Don D. Bushnell, Richard deMille, and Judith Purl is based on 35 research and development programs involving computer technology. Their general thesis is that current educational use of computers is for administrative and logistical control purposes but the future potential of such applications will be in instructional activities. "The Emerging Technology of Education" by James D. Finn reviews related literature, identifies trends, and discusses implications of technology for education. Gabriel D. Olfiesh makes "A Proposal for a National Research and Development Program in Educational Technology for American Education." A series of eight papers by the staff of the College of Education, University of Iowa, presents an analysis of numerous implications which technological change has for education. Other appendixes to VT 003 962 are VT 003 960, VT 003 961, and VT 005 794-VT 005 796.

_____. (1967).  Education and the New Technology; Symposium Convened by the Canadian Council for Research in Education (Ottawa, Ontario, November 22-24, 1967). 

In 1967, the Canadian Council for Research in Education sponsored a symposium on educational media and technology which included educational researchers, communication experts, government officials, and representatives of companies concerned with the development of instructional materials. Goals of the symposium were increased communication among the groups represented, identification of the parameters of educational technology, and identification of pertinent research problems to be investigated. The meeting included discussion groups, panels, and the presentation of some 16 papers. While all areas of technology in education were covered, the greatest emphasis was placed on computers and computer-assisted instruction. The report of the symposium includes resumes of the papers, which cover many dimensions of educational technology: communication theory and application, use and development of new instructional materials, administration of educational facilities, current practices in Canadian schools, and the involvement of educational research, industry, and government. Transcripts of the panel discussions are also included and cover technology and individual differences, the problem of quality in education, future applications of educational media, practical considerations in media use, and the roles of research and development in shaping the new technology.

_____. (1968).  Educational Television and Educational Development in Tunisia. 

The National Association of Educational Broadcasters attempted to determine how educational television and related technologies could strengthen the educational system of Tunisia. An overview of the Tunisian society is presented, followed by a brief history of the development of its educational system. The tremendous educational needs of the nation are delineated. A discussion of the ways in which television technology could be used to expand the capacity of the educational system concludes with formal recommendations for the future. Technical problems and costs are considered. The appendixes provide detailed information on the existing educational and television facilities of Tunisia.

_____. (1969).  Educational Research and Development in Sweden; Plans for 1970-71. A School Research Newsletter. 

The Swedish National Board of Education, in this newsletter, gives a brief survey of various current projects and offers some points of view on coordination and division of work between different development functions. The work is divided into long-term projects which will contribute to a gradually improved educational technology; and short-term projects in the fields of curricula and instructional material development, which are directed to concrete changes in school work. Some 50 research and development projects are listed, dealing with instructional methods, quality measurement, and planning.

_____. (1969).  Educational Technology in Higher Education: The Promises and Limitations of ITV and CAI. 

The present report, prepared by the Instructional Technology Committee of the National Academy of Engineering's Commission on Education, presents some accumulated data concerning computer-aided instruction and instructional television as used in institutions of higher learning. The report consists of 4 sections: (1) The Promise of Educational Technology; (2) The Problem of Higher Education, including student unrest and increasing costs; (3) Funding Prospects; and (4) The Role of the Engineering School. Appendix A gives further background for the prospect of funding by the federal government, the state government, endowments and other institutional sources, local governments, private foundations, and industry. Appendix B presents a data base for instructional television and computer-aided instruction.

EISS, ALBERT (1968).  THE USE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY IN PROVIDING KNOWLEDGE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR ITS APPLICATION TO SCIENCE SUPERVISORS. FINAL REPORT. 

REPORTED ARE THE PRELIMINARY ACTIVITIES FOR THE PREPARATION OF AN INSTITUTE FOR SCIENCE SUPERVISORS. THE PROJECT, PLANNED TO CULMINATE IN A TEN-DAY WORKSHOP-SEMINAR FOR SCIENCE SUPERVISORS, WAS DIVIDED INTO THREE DEVELOPMENTAL PHASES--(1) IDENTIFICATION OF THE NEEDS OF SCIENCE SUPERVISORS AND DEVELOPMENT OF BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES FOR THE WORKING CONFERENCE, (2) DEVELOPMENT OF PLANS FOR THE WORKING CONFERENCE, MATERIALS FOR THE CONFERENCE, AND POST-CONFERENCE MATERIALS, AND (3) THE SUPERVISOR'S CONFERENCE, AND DISTRIBUTION OF POST-CONFERENCE MATERIALS. PHASE I INVOLVED (1) CALLING OF A TWO-DAY MEETING OF SUPERVISORS TO ORDER STRUCTURE, (2) ESTABLISHING A SET OF EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES, AND (3) CONTACTING APPROPRIATE INDUSTRIAL REPRESENTATIVES. THIS REPORT COVERS PROGRESS THROUGH PHASE II OF THE PROJECT. APPENDIXES INCLUDE MATERIALS DEVELOPED FOR THE PROJECT, A STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES, AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY. | [FULL TEXT]

Elliott, Jo Eleanor (1964).  Toward More Effective Teaching in WCHEN Schools; The Report of a Course in New Training Techniques for Nurse Faculty. 

Forty-five abstracts represent projects prepared by faculty personnel from Western Council on Higher Education for Nursing (WCHEN) member schools who were participants in a short-term course, "Improving Instruction Through the Use of Selected Tools and Techniques." Programed instruction projects involve various clinical areas and deal with such subjects as arithmetic for nurses, interpersonal relationships, asepsis, intramuscular injection, traction, student counseling, physiology of the endocrine system, and allergy and hypersensitivity. Television teaching projects deal with basic public health statistics, medications, and leadership development. Some independent study project subjects are school nursing, lesson planning, teaching the history of nursing, structured and semi-structured method, psychiatric and public health nursing problems, and principles of administration, supervision, and team management. Team teaching projects deal with such subjects as transition from hospital to home, nursing care in diabetes, and fluid and electrolyte imbalance. | [FULL TEXT]

ELY, DONALD P. (1963).  THE CHANGING ROLE OF THE AUDIOVISUAL PROCESS IN EDUCATION--A DEFINITION AND A GLOSSARY OF RELATED TERMS. 

A DEFINITION OF THE BROADER FIELD OF INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY WHICH INCORPORATES CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE ESTABLISHED AUDIOVISUAL FIELD IS PRESENTED. THE NEED FOR DEFINITION IS DISCUSSED, WITH A REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS IN THE AUDIOVISUAL FIELD OVER THE PAST 30 YEARS. THE LARGER PART OF THE DOCUMENT IS A GLOSSARY OF APPROXIMATELY 900 WIDELY USED TERMS RELATING TO INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY. TERMS ARE LISTED BOTH ALPHABETICALLY AND BY SUBJECT AREAS. | [FULL TEXT]

Ely, Donald P. (1969).  Consortium in Educational Media and Techonology  Educ Technol, 9, 1. 

Full-Text Availability Options: 677.

_____. (1969).  Emphasis on Excellence in School Media Programs. Descriptive Case Studies Special-Purpose Grant Programs. 

Eight elementary high schools in New York, North Carolina, Oregon, California, and Kansas were awarded $635,253.00 in Federal funds to develop demonstration media programs. This stimulated, directly and indirectly, additional professional and clerical media personnel, provision of new media services at the school district level, increased school district budgets for media programs, improved facilities for school media centers, improved accessibility of materials and services, provision of new kinds of materials, and provision of materials production centers and electronic information retrieval capabilities. Interviews with students, teachers, media specialists, principals, and visitors showed some degree of positive change in curriculum and instruction, utilization of materials by teachers, school and community attitudes, pupil behavior, and the Media Center Materials Collection itself as a result of the funding.

Engler, David (1969).  Problems in Defining and Applying Educational Technology  J Eng Educ, 59, 6. 

Full-Text Availability Options: 550.

_____. (1967).  EPOCH, EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMING OF CULTURAL HERITAGE--ESEA TITLE I SUBMISSION TO PACE FOR CONTINUATION GRANT. ADDENDUM TO GRANT CONTINUATION APPLICATION, MAY 1967. 

THIS ADDENDUM TO A REPORT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PROGRAM TO TEACH AND INTERRELATE ARTS AND HUMANITIES INSTRUCTION THROUGH THE USE OF EXTENSIVE RESOURCES, INNOVATIVE TEACHING METHODS, AND ADVANCED EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY OUTLINES THE ACTIVITIES AND GOALS OF THE ALREADY ACCOMPLISHED PLANNING STAGE OF THE PROGRAM AND OF THE PILOT (1967-68) AND OPERATIONAL (1968-69) STAGES. THE DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATING THE PILOT ACTIVITIES NOTES THE ANTICIPATED OUTCOMES, EVALUATION PERSONNEL, AND MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS TO BE USED. PROJECTED EXPENDITURES AS OF MAY 1967 ARE ESTIMATED AT $48,610.

Erickson, Carlton W. H. (1968).  Administering Instructional Media Programs. 

This book presents a wide discussion of the educational and administrative tasks of the instructional media program director. It includes guidelines, principles, case studies, and examples of advanced media use, with emphasis on audiovisual media, the area in which innovation has occurred most. Strong leadership, technological competence, and good public relations image are cited as prerequisite qualities for a successful media specialist. The media director should serve as an agent of change in the existing school structure--initiating in-service retraining of teachers and, through his preparation of media, trying to integrate divergent teaching policies. Descriptions of jobs, duties, and standard operating procedures for media use for those working in school media programs are given in detail, along with discussions of the physical environment suitable for media use, city-wide media centers, instructional television, integration of A-V media with print medium services, and other subjects.

ERIKSSON, BO (1968).  PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION OF A UNIVERSITY COURSE IN EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY. 

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL CHANGES IN SOCIETY AT LARGE, AS WELL AS DEVELOPMENTS IN EDUCATIONAL IDEOLOGIES AND METHODS HAVE CREATED THE NEED FOR NEW UNIVERSITY COURSES IN THE FIELD OF PEDAGOGY. TO HELP MEET THIS NEED, A ONE-YEAR COURSE ON EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, WILL BE INTRODUCED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG, BEGINNING SPRING SEMESTER 1968. THE COURSE WILL GIVE THE STUDENTS AN INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATION IN RELATION TO THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY, AND TEACH METHODS TO DETERMINE EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES, PLANNING AND DESIGN OF INSTRUCTIONAL CRITERIA AND METHODS, SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION. FINALLY, THE STUDENTS MUST PRACTICALLY APPLY AND INTEGRATE THE THEORETICAL CONTENT OF THE COURSE ON PROJECTS OF THEIR OWN. COURSE LITERATURE IS LISTED.

Eriksson, Bo (1969).  A Systems Approach to Educational Technology (with special reference to Swedish conditions)  Educ Technol, 9, 6. 

Full-Text Availability Options: 547.

ESTARELLAS, JUAN (1966).  AVIRS AND TECHNOLOGICAL INSTRUCTION--EXPERIENCES WITH THE NEW EDUCATIONAL REVOLUTION. 

THE AUDIO-VISUAL OR VIDEO INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM (AVIRS) HAS BEEN MISUSED AS A SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND AS AN AID TO STUDENTS RATHER THAN AS AN APPLICATION OF BEHAVIORAL TECHNOLOGY TO THE SYSTEMATIC PRODUCTION OF SPECIFIED BEHAVIORS FOR INSTRUCTIONAL PURPOSES. TO AVOID THE NEEDLESS EXPENDITURE OF VAST SUMS OF MONEY, INSTITUTIONS INTERESTED IN TECHNOLOGICAL INSTRUCTION CENTERS SHOULD PLACE QUALIFIED, EXPERIENCED INDIVIDUALS IN KEY ADMINISTRATIVE POSITIONS. THE FIRST ASPECT TO BE CONVERTED SHOULD BE THE BASIC INSTRUCTIONAL UNIT OF THE INSTITUTION--THE DEPARTMENT. THE DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS OF FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY UTILIZES AN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM IN TEACHING TERMINAL BEHAVIOR AT THE FIRST LEVELS OF LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION. WITH INFORMATION-STIMULUS AND RESPONSE-REINFORCEMENT PROGRAMING FRAMES, THE PROGRAM ASPIRES TO SHAPE VERBAL BEHAVIOR IN A SERIES OF CONTROLLED STUDENT ACTIVITIES WITH CONTINUED CONFIRMATION AND CORRECTION. BY THIS METHOD, THE STUDENT SELECTS HIS LEARNING SCHEDULE AND PACE IN A PROGRAM DEVELOPED EXCLUSIVELY FOR HIS NEEDS BY EXTENSIVE RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTATION. THIS TECHNIQUE DEMANDS A GREAT DEAL FROM THE ENTIRE TEACHING PROFESSION. WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER-ASSISTED INSTRUCTION, PRODUCTION OF APPROPRIATE MATERIALS, AND TRAINING OF QUALIFIED TEACHERS, AVIRS CAN BECOME AN EFFECTIVE TEACHING SYSTEM IN A SECOND EDUCATIONAL REVOLUTION. THIS PAPER WAS PREPARED FOR THE SECOND AMA INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXHIBIT ON EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, NEW YORK CITY, AUGUST 9-12, 1966.

Estarellas, Juan (1969).  The Self-Instructional Foreign Language Program at Florida Atlantic University. 

Faced with a multiplicity of problems caused by a four-quarter school year, Florida Atlantic University offers a self-instructional language curriculum based on behavioral objectives. Books, audio-tapes, and video-tapes are used exclusively in the Spanish, French, German, and Russian courses. Programed learning, curriculum development, materials, media, and testing are also examined. Student evaluation questionnaires and a bibliography are included in the appendix.

Eye, Glen G.; and others (1969).  Instructional Technology and Administrative Decisions  Educ Technol, 9, 12. 

"Concerned with the spiraling problems of technology and its impact on instruction, the American Association of School Administrators (AASA) two years ago created the Committee on Technology and Instruction. Since that time the Committee has been active in investigating a number of areas relevant to the impact of technology on the public schools. This article reports on the issues raised in these areas.